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Basic Terms to Understand Financial Success - 1383 Words

Today’s economy is constantly changing for better and for the worst. In order to become the most successful person you can be, you must know the in’s and out’s. Starting with a few basic terms are vital to understanding how to benefit and become a successful person. The term â€Å"GDP† the Gross Domestic Product which is the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year, and the â€Å"GNP† is Gross National Product is the market value of all the products and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the residents of a country, these two things go hand and hand because they affect our economy and the fluctuations of our economic activities that happen over a period of time which is a Business Cycle. How does this affect you? Depending on our countries state, we could be in an expansion which is good because that’d mean our economy is growing, peak meaning our economy is at a high point , recession which is a decline in the economy, a trough meaning it’s at the bottom or recovering meaning it’s getting better. If the economy is in a recession there would be high unemployment and low GDP and GNP means for some little to no income or it could help if the st age of our economy is growing or expanding leading to more job opportunities, more revenue for the GDP and GNP overall resulting in a stable strong economy. So your job is a key factor in how our economy is doing. Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searchingShow MoreRelatedHCS 405 Week 1 Health Care Financial Terms Worksheet Paper1042 Words   |  5 PagesCare Financial Terms Worksheet Paper Introduction The HCS 405 week 1 financial terms worksheet throws light on some of the most basic concepts of the healthcare business. 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Role of HR in Strategic Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Role of HR in Strategic Decision Making. Answer: Introduction Human Resource department in any organization is often stereotyped as secondary or supportive in comparison to the other departments head such as finance and marketing. Their scope is kept limited to only hiring, recruiting and training. But in todays era when every company is facing a cut throat competition, the major aspect which distinguishes an organization and gives them a competitive edge is their human capital. An organization designs strategies so that they can achieve their vision and be able to cope up with the fluctuations happening in the external environment. This can only be possible when they focus on their internal strengths. The biggest asset to any organization is the efficiency and capabilities of an employee working over there. In order to accomplish companys goals and objectives it is very important that the HR plays on the forefront. HR has the responsibility of enhancing the competencies of every individual working in the organization in order to contribute in the long term growth of the organization productively. Comparing HR strategies of Walmart and Marks and Spencer Marks Spencer and Walmart are the key rivals in the retail industry. Walmart specializes in providing consumer goods at a much lower price i.e. following a low cost strategy while on the other hand Marks Spencer believes in providing a higher quality at a high price, thus following a price differentiation strategy in the retail industry. Cost leadership involves getting a competitive edge by way of bulk production and achieving economies of scale in operations. In differentiation it is not about volume but about quality and innovation. In order to maintain their status in the industry continuous RD becomes a necessity (Brenner, 2016). The impacts of these strategies on the organizations HR policies are as follows- Recruitment and Selection Recruitment process of Marks Spencer is external. They look for fresh and carrier oriented people in order to gain effectiveness in their operations. Whereas Walmart focuses mainly on internal recruitment as they follow a low cost strategy they dont invest much in recruiting new talent. The HR policy MS follows is Committed soldier strategy in which fresh graduates and new entrants are hired with specialized skills in order to fit in the position. On the other hand Walmart follows Loyal soldier strategy in which focus is done on retaining existing employees and promoting them to a higher position. MS select candidates based on their skills and qualification required specifically for that particular vacant position .On the other hand Walmart recruits and hires people to be a dynamic task master. They have to perform not just a specific task rather they have to be multitasking. For example most of the store managers in Walmart were either cashier or sales person in the store (Marks and Spencer, 2017) Orientation and Training MS focuses on providing intensive training techniques in order to gain an edge in their specific areas. Whereas Walmart provide training and orientation in many areas in order to be dynamic and be a great task master. They are willing to invest in training as they believe every individual working with them should be efficient in their roles. Whereas Walmart who follows low cost strategy have to maintain their turnover so they dont invest much in training rather they invest in creating their retail stores consumer friendly. Walmart believes in cost benefit training in which best suitable training techniques are used also they have tied up with American Private University to support career development of their employees with minimum investment. M S have created an e-learning program on its platform for various segments which requires a huge investment. Performance appraisal Performance appraisals are given on the basis of cooperation and competition in MS whereas in Walmart performance appraisals are given on the basis of cooperation only. MS gave performance appraisals in the form of promotions, rewards and incentives such as store discounts, gift cards whereas in Walmart promotion oriented performance appraisals are given. The reason for giving such attractive rewards are their price differentiation strategy, they earn on their quality and pay employees back in terms of such rewards whereas Walmart has to maintain their turnover from low cost products as a result they are not in a position to spend much (Thompson A., 2015) Compensation Walmarts human resources division focuses on providing minimum compensation packages to maintain their turnover whereas MS compensation packages are purely performance and efficiency driven. Walmarts minimum hourly wage rate is around $10.00 which is just a bit more than the minimum which is $9.93. MS on the other hand employees at MS enjoys a decent compensation packages to ensure job satisfaction In order to compensate their low compensation policy they provide employees with various health insurance plans and discount in lieu of compensation this helps to maintain employees retention in the organization. In MS they are already providing good compensation packages along with attractive stock rewards to ensure employee retention (Walmart, 2017). Corporate level strategies Starbucks: Starbucks is constantly facing price rise issue since Feb 2016 in the Arabica coffee bean which is their major supplier. Rather than increasing their price of the coffee they decided to sit back and not purchase coffee beans. Alternatively they focused on their food segment to cope up with the loss of profits. Sony: Sony has practiced the stability strategy in their imaging product and video sound segment. There is no as such future growth in these areas as Nikon and cannon are strong competitors so rather than investing high resources in innovation and development they are focusing on giving other value added features i.e. single lens reflex cameras and high resolution audio products to an existing market segment. Nokia: Nokia was a dominant player in the mobile industry until android phones entered into the market and changed the wave, when people were switching from Symbian platform to android Nokia ignore the competition and followed a no change strategy. As a result Nokia fell hard in front of iPhone and Samsung and sold their business to Microsoft in the year 2013. Retrenchment strategy Starbucks: Starbucks in 2015 announced closing down their 23 bakery chains La Boulange all situated in California. They purchased French bakery chain in the year 2012 with an aim to diversify their food business and to compete with food giants like McDonald's. Starbucks see La Boulange a threat to their long term sustainability and profitability. Sony: In 2014 Sony laid off around 5000 by closing down their PC business which was operating under the brand name VAIO. Their laptops couldnt compete with Dell and Hp who are the clear winners in the PC range. However they are still providing customer support service to the existing product users. Nokia: In Feb, 2010 Nokia CEO Stephen Elopp declared retrenchment strategy to stabilize their financial position and to get into the competition again. Around 40,000 employees were laid off and it is considered as one of the biggest and important retrenchment in the history. After struggling for 3 years Nokia accepted defeat and was acquired by Microsoft (McGrath, 2016). Growth strategy Starbucks: In Dec2016, Starbucks have announced their growth strategy. By 2021 they aimed at opening around 12000 new stores across the world. They are also planning to open roasteries in Tokyo and shanghai in 2017 and other one in New York in 2018. They are also planning to open reserves stores in around mid-September in Seattle and Chicago in partnership with Italian food partner Princi. They have planned to open around 1000 of such store over a period of time (Team, 2016). Sony: Sony has seen their gaming sector as key growth driver. Their new PlayStation 4 which had a concept of virtual reality took the video game market by storm. In future they aim at developing an innovative product for their target game lover audience and further expand the user base. Also they will invest in the RD in the area of CMOS image sensors (Sony, 2015). Nokia: In 2016 Nokia merged with French telecom equipment provider Alcatel-Lucent by purchasing its 76% shares. The focus is to enter into the marker segment of wireless equipment, internet routing products, old-fashioned fixed lines, cable and cloud software and to compete with Huawei Technologies Co. and Ericsson. Reviewing the mission statements Yes, the above mission statement passes the person on a bus test. A good mission statement should reflect every dimension of the organizations business. They also reveal companies target market segment and potential customer. Anyone can identify that this is an online book store, which aims to provide book lovers with quality and enjoyable online products and services (Miller, 2013). No, this mission statement failed to qualify the person on a bus test. Though the statement is very attractive but it is giving a vague insight about the organizations business. Also the objective and product to be offered is not specifies. Hence it fails the person on a bus test (Podolny, Saloner Saloner, 2008). Yes, the third mission statement passes the person on a bus test the reason being the mission statement provided is very precise and focused. It is reflecting the core values of the organization which is to protect environment and create awareness about the issues among people. Therefore it passes the person on a bus test (Papulovo, 2014). HR: A Strategic contributor in the organization Profitability retention- When company is adapting transformation business strategies such as growth they are already spending a lot of resources in terms of RD, branding and advertisements etc. It also require skilled and technically able workforce so rather than investing more on acquiring new workforce HR team can go for talent management, which means focusing on retaining existing employees who have the potential to take companys into new heights and hiring less new people, which will directly bring down the cost of hiring and training fresh people (Becker Huselid, 2006). Training- HR trains each and every individual in order to achieve organization goals in a strategic manner. Training can be done by internal sources which includes existing skilled and experienced employees who can provide mentoring and help or externals sources which includes seminars sessions, conferences etc. Leadership- Implementation of a strategy is no easy task. Hard work and effort of each and every individual is required to put in a right direction, this can only be possible with the help of a leader. An effective leader aligns every individuals effort into the correct path to achieve the planned goals. HR can identify the leadership capabilities and potential in an individual and engage them in a long term leadership development programs so that they are capable of combining each and every individuals effort in coordination with the organizations vision. Innovation- In order to survive neck to neck competition innovation is the key driving force. A company cannot buy new ideas and innovation from third party to revive the old business. HR has a key role to play in hiring creative people who are able to think beyond the scope of usual and also giving them a creative work environment (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Coordination and motivation: A strategy cannot be implemented effectively if it is not communicated well within every level of organization, so it is the best possible way to achieve desired objectives. By giving individuals performance appraisal, rewards and incentives etc. HR can ensure high employee retention rate. HR: As just a human resource manager and not a strategic contributor Skills and qualification- HR people are only experienced in their field; they dont have required knowledge for taking decisions regarding important aspect of sales, marketing and finance. This is the reason why top level managers dont, involve HR people in their board room meetings (AON, 2017) Financial Analysis- Designing a strategy for future requires an allocation of funds i.e. strategies should be financially so that the other operation of the organization does not get affected due to shortage of funds. HR can only go only suggest strategies without considering their financial aspect (Sisney, 2017). Rigid nature- HR people are quite rigid when it comes to decision making. They for every problem find a solution in companys policies. They are more procedure and policy oriented. Designing a strategy involves flexible thought process. Foresightedness- Effective strategic decision making involves analyzing the present situation along with forecasting of the future. This has to be done by some professionals who are expert in this field. Lack of support- Even if the HR personnel is skilled and patent, Lack of support shown by the top level authority in considering their suggestions is very common. The superiority complex in other managerial heads is a very big constraint in the growth of HR in the organization (Fulmer Genson, 2006). Conclusion The report concludes on a note that no organization can survive a major strategic change without the help and support of Human Resource Department. HR role in any organization is not just limited to distributing salaries and fixing meeting but their main aim is to coordinate with the formulated future strategy and continuously motivating employees to skillfully help in achieving growth targets. They continuously monitor and review employees growth and provide them with necessary training required to work effectively. They also design reward and incentives schemes which not only motivate employees to deliver their best but also does not put burden on the pockets of the organization. References Armstrong, M. Taylor, S., (2014). Armstrongs handbook of human resource management practice (13th ed.). UK: Kogan page limited. AON, (2017). Transforming HR: Becoming a Strategic Partner. Retrieved from https://www.aon.com/human-capital-consulting/thought-leadership/outsourcing/article_transforming_hr.jsp on 21 Jan, 2017. Becker, E.B. Huselid, A.M., (2006). Strategic Human Resources Management: Where Do We Go From Here? Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/48f6/cd5a88e39aead3f60b7dccedbb46bf2ebf7e.pdf on 20 Jan, 2017. Brenner, L., (2016). The Future of HR? It Isnt What You Think. Retrieved from https://talentgrowthadvisors.com/images/uploads/The_Future_of_HR_Not_What_You_Think.pdf on 21 Jan, 2017. Fulmer, M.R. Genson, S., (2006). HRs strategic partnership with line management. Retrived from https://gbr.pepperdine.edu/2010/08/hrs-strategic-partnership-with-line-management/ on 21 Jan, 2017. General Motors, (2017). Retrieved from https://careers.gm.com/student-center.html on 21 Jan, 2017. HBR, (2015). The call for a more strategic HR: how its leaders are stepping up to the plate. Retrieved from https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-the-call-for-a-more-strategic-hr/$FILE/ey-the-call-for-a-more-strategic-hr.pdf on 21 Jan, 2017. Marks and Spencer, (2017). Retrieved from https://careers.marksandspencer.com/why-work-here on 21 Jan, 2017. McGrath, R., (2016). Can Nokia Reinvent Itself Again? Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/04/can-nokia-reinvent-itself-again on 20 Jan, 2017. Miller, G. (2013). Business Strategy; Methods and Models. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.438.9418rep=rep1type=pdf on 20 Jan, 2017. Papulovo, Z. (2014). The Significance of Vision and Mission Development for Enterprises in Slovak Republic. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 2. Retrieved from https://www.joebm.com/papers/90-A00009.pdf on 20 Jan, 2017. Podolny, J., Saloner, G., Shepard, A. (2008). Strategic Management. US: Wiley. Sisney, L., (2012). Why is HR still not a strategic partner? Retrieved on 21 Jan, 2017. Sony (2015). Sony Mid-Term Corporate Strategy for FY2015 - FY2017. Retrieved from https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/201502/15-017E/ on 20 Jan, 2017. Team, T. (2016). Starbucks' Challenges And How It Can Overcome Them. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2016/12/05/starbucks-challenges-and-how-it-can-overcome-them/#748e4d5071ed on 20 Jan, 2017. Thompson, A., (2015). Walmarts HRM: Compensation, Career Development. Retrieved from https://panmore.com/walmart-human-resource-management-compensation-career-development on 21 Jan, 2017.

Inuit people Essays (316 words) - Inuit Culture, Inuit, Igloo

Inuit people, who live in the north of Canada, the Arctic region, have changed some of their way of life. Before these changes happened, their ancestors were living as horde and had a traditional way of living which was still affecting their offspring. Ancient Inuit people were living by hunting arctic animals. For example, they hunt walruses, seals and other animals for food, and their skins or furs were also used for living stuffs. The winter is the longest and coldest season in the area, even in summer it isnt warm. Because of severe climate and situation, they had to use snow to make house which was called igloos in winter, or use animal skins and bones to make tents in spring. When most of Inuit people were young, their marriages were planned. It isnt strange for Inuit people to have more than one wife. There were always huge families. Men were usually fishermen or hunters. Some of them went to the ocean. A group of people consisted of a man with kayaks, a small one-man boat, and others used bigger boats to bring things back to land. Some people wearing special snowshoes went to holes that animals used for breath. A harpoon was used to hunt when animals came to breath. Women usually stayed at home. They are good at using skins and furs to make blankets, boats, tents and also make clothing and footwear by using walrus ivory as needle. Another important member in an Inuit family is local dog: huskies. Dogsleds are most common transportation for Inuit. They can also keep local people from dangers. But now, they use snow mobile instead. Moreover, as way of speaking, local language and custom lasting, Inuit peoples work changed, house form changed and school system changed. They are also wiling that the increase of people who interested in global warming can impel the development.

Factory Emissions Leading to Acid Rain

Factory Emissions Leading to Acid Rain Background Tear (2007) explain that the acid rain phenomenon conceptualization dates back to 130 years ago when the relationship existing between the industrial emissions released and acid rain formation. Formation of the acid precipitation has had adverse impacts on the human health as well as the ecosystem.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Factory Emissions Leading to Acid Rain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More dos Santos et al. (2005, p.86) explain that sources of acid rain focus on the chemical composition of main cations like Ca2+, Mg 2+, Na+, K+ and NH+4 as well as anions like SO2-4 , NO3, Cl and F obtained from rainwater. Meteorological information can supplement this. Downing et al. (1997, p.29) explains how a sub-module (ATMOS- Atmospheric Transport and Deposition) that integrates data from emission sources to generate patterns of sulfur deposition, which is an agent of acid rain. Statement of Purpose Acid ra in forms after complex chemical interaction involving the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen with the water vapor in the atmosphere. Acid rain formation has acidity far much higher than normal. Actually, acid rain contains sulfuric acid and nitric acid formed from the emission precursors- sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides (NOX species) (Downing et al. 1997, p.13). Interestingly, the emission sources of the pollutants may be located a distance away from the point where the chemical interaction leading to acid rain takes place. The point of the emission is called the source area. Areas away from the source area are affected by the emission release through acid deposition are called the down-wind. It is believed that the industrial evolution coupled with urbanization have aggravated the problem of acid rain and a rise of acidity levels in the atmosphere, notably in North America and Europe as well as south of the Bay of Bengal. However, volcanic activities have also naturally released sulf ur oxides and sulfides in the air. This form of precipitation chemistry intends to inform on the variation in the chemical composition in the atmosphere over-time and provides insights into how acid rain forms from key gases from factory emissions. Inferences from analysis derived from rainwater composition are important for comparison with The RAINS−ASIA Model as well as establishing world cycling of sulfur compounds, oxidized and reduced nitrogen compounds, soil dust and so on (Downing et al. 1997). Through oxidation, emission pollutants from human activities (such as sulfates, NOX) have a wide range of effects.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Report Preview The scope of the report covers factors facilitating the acid rain formation, chemical analysis, lead regional producers of acid rain as well as factory release, transportation and deposition of pollu tants leading to acid rain. Information sources are empirical studies. Factors Contributing to Acid Rain Formation Andonova (1995) observe that in the 1970s decade Sweden and Norway were on the down-wind areas from the rest of Europe thus suffered a lot of acidification problems. The acidification problem revolved around the intensity of sulfur emissions. This called for the ratification of the First Sulfur Protocol (1985) that called for 30 percent emission cuts. The acidity leading to acid rain depends on the relative proportions of participating cations and anions in the atmosphere. Aerosols have contributed to the stronger buttering ability of acidic rain water. Through translocation from emission points, deposition and facilitating reaction rates weather contribute to acid rain formation. Figure 1: Conceptual Framework SO2 and Nitrogen Oxides Processes and Evidence Leading to Acid Rain Chemical Processes on SO2 and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions Leading to Acid Rain Sulfur Dioxide Pollutant During the chemical interaction, the sulfur dioxide oxidation process has two possible reaction paths. One, ultra-violet light can facilitate photo oxidation of the sulfur oxide (Seinfeld Pandis, 2006, p.27). The electro-magnetic spectrum provides the light in the photo-oxidation process to occur. SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → SO3 (g)Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Factory Emissions Leading to Acid Rain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Further interaction with freely occurring hydrogen atoms in the atmosphere leads to the formation of sulfuric acid. SO3 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO4 (aq) Modified from Seinfeld Pandis (2006, p.27 28) Similarly sulfur dioxide can be oxidized to become sulfuric acid through the oxidation of ozone (Seinfeld Pandis, 2006, p.27). Photodecomposition process on the ozone produces hydroxyl radical, which reacts highly with any species. NOX pollutants The NOX (that is, NO2 and NO) species are emitted by during factory combustion processes involving fossil fuel and coal. NO is the initial release into the atmosphere of all reactive nitrogen (Crawford et al. 2003, p.62). In the presence of O2 Nitrogen present in fuels and oxidation of atmospheric N2 at high temperature forms NO. Small amounts of NO2 are formed in the process of NO formation. The atmospheric oxidation of NO (by hydroperoxy radicals that is, HO2) leads to NO2 formation in high quantities (Crawford et al. 2003, p.62-63). When emitted into the atmosphere, the NO and NO2 undergo simple photochemical reaction to HNO3 (acid rain) (Crawford et al. 2003, p.63). This can be explained as follows: NO2 (g) + H2O (l) → HNO3 (aq) + HNO2 2NO2 (g) + H2O (l) →2H+ + NO3 + NO2Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More NO (g) + NO2 (g) + H2O (l) →2H+ + 2NO2 3NO2 (g) + H2O (l) →2H+ + 2NO3 + NO (g) Modified from Crawford et al. (2003, p.62) Evidence of Factory Emissions Leading To Acid Rain Driscoll et al. (2007, p.27) explains that electrical processing dealers found within the western hemisphere cause the highest emissions of the anthropogenic sulfur dioxide. In the USA, sulfur dioxide release to the atmosphere that is not accounted for by the electric manufacturing is as low as 10 percent. Driscoll et al. (2007, p.27) adds electric utilities and industrial combustions accounted for 36 percent of nitrogen oxides. In the USA, the Mid West consisting of seven states along River Ohio accounted for more than half of emissions in 2002. Such areas are known as source areas. Emission of sulfur dioxide, ammonium and nitrogen oxide was attributed to electric utilities though emissions are carried downwind eastern North America. The US Department of Agriculture Forest Service established an ex perimental forest that is The Hubbard Brook in the North America to investigate the relationship between emission levels and acid deposition levels from the source area (Driscoll et al. 2007, p.33). Findings from the experiment indicated that emission trends from the source area mirrored the acid deposition patterns. Data gathered over a long period of time at the Hubbard Brook implied a declining bulk of deposition of sulfate and wet deposition in the last five years of the 1970s decade (Driscoll et al. 2007, p.33). This data indicates a positive association between emission of SO2 and acid rain formation taking place at the Hubbard Brook. The downwind areas of eastern USA report similar patterns of correlation of sulfur emissions and the wet sulfate deposition (Driscoll et al. 2007, p.34). Observations made on nitrates and ammonium, levels of concentration had leveled up. Reliable sources of data came from Hubbard Brook. With regard to concentrations of nitrate or ammonium at Hubb ard Brook, the levels have stabilized over time since 1963 (Driscoll et al. 2007, p.34). Correlation relationship was established between the downwind and source area for acid rain. Figure 2: Formation of Acid rain from Factory Emissions Source: Downing et al. (1997, p.14) Figure 3: Present and Projected of Industrial Emissions for Sulfur Dioxide Source: Downing et al. (1997, p.17) Conclusion The problem of acid rain was noted almost 130 years ago. SO2, NOX and ammonia are the main pollutants leading to the formation of acid rain. Sulfur dioxide is emitted from combustion of coal containing sulfur. Ultraviolet light and electro-magnetic spectrum provide photo oxidation energy in the atmosphere. The resultant undergoes further chemical reaction with free hydrogen results in sulfuric acid the falls as acid rain. Nitrogen contained in biofuels as well as atmospheric nitrogen undergo high temperature combustion that releases NO and NO2. On release to the atmosphere simple photo chemic al reaction with hydroperoxy radicals results in the formation of nitric acid that falls as acid rain. In the USA, the main sources of emissions are electric utilities. The case relation between emissions in the Midwest USA source area and the acid deposition areas of the Hubbard Brook and the downwind areas of Eastern North America explain how factory emissions lead to acid rain. References Andonova, L 2007, â€Å"Acid Rain in a Wider Europe: The Post-Communist Transition and the Future European Acid Rain Policies†, in G Visgilio D Whitelaw (eds), Acid in the Environment: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects, Springer, USA, pp. 151-173. Crawford, J, Bradshaw, J, Davis, D, Liu, S. 2003, â€Å"Nitrogen Oxides and Other Reactive Nitrogen Species†, In T Potter B Colman (eds), Handbook of Weather, Climate, and Water: Atmospheric Chemistry, Hydrology, and Societal Impacts, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey, pp.61-77. dos Santos, M, Illanes, C, Fornaro, A Pedrotti, J 2007, â €˜Acid Rain in Downtown So Paulo City, Brazil’, Water Air Soil Pollut, vol. 7, pp. 85-92, via Springer. Downing, R, Ramankutty, R, Shah, J. 1997. RAINS-ASIA: An Assessment Model for Acid Deposition in Asia. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Driscoll, C, Lambert, K Chen, L 2007. â€Å"Acidic Deposition: Sources and Ecological Effects†, in G Visgilio D Whitelaw (eds), Acid in the Environment: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects, Springer, USA, pp. 27-58. Seinfeld, H Pandis, S 2006, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics From Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Tear, T 2007, â€Å"Atmospheric Deposition and Conservation: What is the Role for Conservation Organizations?†, In G Visgilio D Whitelaw (eds), Acid in the Environment: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects, Springer, USA, pp. 291-307.

Skydiving and Parachuting Weather - Atmosphere

Skydiving and Parachuting Weather - Atmosphere We live on the bottom of an ocean of air that covers our world. Some people venture up into that ocean as aviators. Some even get out of their aircraft and allow their density to pull them back down to the bottom. Currently, this can only be survived through the use of a parachute. Although, skydiving seems like an extreme activity to many people, in good weather conditions the risks are very low. When weather conditions change, risks are compounded. That is why these daredevils must be very aware of the currents and conditions of this ocean of air. Wind Conditions and Skydivers The factor that is most important to skydivers is wind conditions. Modern square parachutes have approximately a twenty mile per hour forward speed. This forward speed affords the skydiver great maneuverability. On a day with no wind, a parachutist can go twenty miles per hour in whatever direction they prefer. When the wind is blowing, the wind speed and direction must be taken into consideration in order to land in the designated landing area. Just like a boat on a river, the currents of air will push a parachute in the direction that it is flowing. Using Winds for Spotting Skydivers learn a skill called spotting, which is to pick out the location above the ground that will allow the wind to best assist the skydiver with getting back to the landing zone. There are three ways to figure out the best spot for the jump: Skydivers may use the winds aloft forecast provided by the National Weather Service.The skydiver may simply look at the movement of the clouds aloft for the upper winds.Looking at the windsocks and flags on the drop zone for surface wind speed and direction also works. The Effects of Winds on the Drop Zone A 10 mile per hour wind will drift a skydiver a half a mile in a normal 3000-foot descent under canopy. Because a skydiver in freefall is going at speeds ranging from 120 mph and 180 mph on average, they only stay in freefall for between 45 seconds to a minute. With less surface area to cause drift, freefall drift is much less than the wind drift under canopy. So skydivers look at an aerial view of the area and find an easily visible landmark that is as far upwind of the landing area as their estimated drift. Once in the air, the real trick is to able to look straight down and direct the plane to that spot. One degree of angle becomes quite a large distance of the spot when looking from a height of two miles up. Modern GPS technology has made the job in the aircraft much easier because all the pilot has to do is head into the wind and look at the GPS for the distance from the center of the landing zone, but a good skydiver still knows how to look for the spot. The Dangers of Wind Turbulence and Skydiving As air flows over objects close to the ground, it will roll, just like water flowing over a rock. This rolling air is known as turbulence. Turbulence is very dangerous to skydivers because if a jumper gets caught in a downward flow of air, it will accelerate the parachutist toward the ground, which can result in injury or death. Unlike water on a river, this flow is invisible, so skydivers must be aware of the objects that cause turbulence such as buildings, trees, or mountains. Depending on wind speed, turbulence can be created downwind of that obstacle at a distance of ten to twenty times the height of the obstacle. That is one of the reasons why skydivers dont typically jump when the winds are more than 20 to 30 mph. Clouds and the Parachutist Clouds are also a factor when skydiving. In the United States skydiving falls under visual flight rules, which basically means a skydiver needs a clear view of the ground from the height that they wish to jump. Although clouds are droplets of condensed water and would not hurt the skydiver if they fell through them, it is what is on the other side of them that the skydiver cant see, such as an airplane, that could hurt them. The FAA has specifications as to how far away from clouds you must be depending on what altitude you are at, and they are listed in FAR 105.17. Beware of Thunderstorms Especially dangerous to skydivers are thunderstorms. They are generally accompanied by very strong and erratic winds and have even been known to have updrafts that are strong enough to lift a skydiver into dangerous levels of the atmosphere where there is very little oxygen. Now that you know what kind of weather you need to skydive safely, pick a beautiful day and head out to your local skydiving center. The United States Parachute Association is the only national organization that is recognized by the International Federation of Aeronautics. The USPA offers a list of member skydiving centers (dropzones) that promise to follow the basic safety requirements for skydiving. Edited by Mr. Dennis Zurawski

Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Relationships - Essay Example Whole of her life she had to burn in the desire to unite with her lover and also had to see her lover with someone else .This pain was killing her inside, but she found no way to express her despair and distress to anyone and kept everything to herself. Celie on other hand is a black woman, who had to undergo sexual assault from the hands of her step father and feel dejected and exploited at her own home. Moreover, she had lost her children from her step- father and had to undergo the agony of a mother who lost her children .She was then married to a man called Albert who also disrespectful towards her and abused her greatly which left a black mark on her mental and physical health. She felt being victimized by men in all phases of her young life and wanted to escape from this traumatizing environment. How are Tita and Celie are different? Tita is naive and loving Mexican girl who is submissive and head over heels in love with her neighbor. All she wanted in her life was the love of her lover but was finding her mother as an obstacle to possess him. Tita is a delicate woman and had no expression of feminine strength and endurance to suffer all the pain and agony she was going through because of her lost love. She has her charms but she is not able to do anything because of the restriction she faced from her mother. She has been asked to serve her mother till death and forbidden from marrying her lover. She is very romantic and creative but loses her identity because of her arrogant and self – centered mother. Tita achieves the union with her lover very late in her life and also loses him the very day they became physically close. Celie is a black woman who has not seen the happier side of life, since her childhood. She actually does not have any self confidence or self – identity. She was subject to oppression from men since her childhood and also had to bear children from sexual assault. She lost trust in herself and had no hope in life and the o nly relief she had the love she had for God. She also got married to a man she never loved and had to be a victim of abuse and assault from him too. Through all these bad experience she lost her self confidence and her sexuality and felt that she had no dreams and hopes from life. But later with the help of her friend, she realizes that she had lot more strength and will power left in her to bring back positive changes in her life. She molds herself to be independent business women and regain the power as well established black women that most of women desired for. Elements Tita and Celie needed to be Stronger Tita is a young woman who has no moral or emotional support from anyone in her family or outside. She should have fought with her mother to acquire her lover as her mother was being cruel and ignorant to her. She should have developed some courage to speak for herself and obtain what she wanted most in her life. Being naive and innocent is not a bad quality but being suppresse d and exploited is also not a quality worth praising. A woman should be strong and determined enough to explore her desires and choices in life and standby it at any cost. Tita’s mother was threatening her and black mailing and if she would have been strong willed she could have achieved her lover whom she loved passionately and

Brain development from infancy to the age of two Research Paper

Brain development from infancy to the age of two - Research Paper Example Positive in that the infant’s brain is open to learning new things and acquiring new skills as well as enriching influences. However, the young brain is prone to developmental problems especially when the environment is un-nurturing or impoverished. Research shows that the environment of an infant’s early years can have effects affecting the infant throughout life. Muehlenbein, (2010) further says that due to advanced technology, effects relating to early brain development and the environment are now easier to study and understand. Patterns in brain activity that seem to be related to some types of negative early experiences can now be identified by neuroscientists. However, some scholars argue that even before the brain scanning tools allowing this study, some behaviors stemming from early stress, poverty, maltreatment and neglect could be seen even before technology. The evidence provided by neuroscientists is of essence and should be paid attention to since it is crucial in helping people understand how exactly the environment affects brain development. Such knowledge will help children who are at risk and to reverse where possible the consequences of early adversity. Neuroscientists may also aid in our efforts to learn when experiences affect children. Understanding the patterns of specific periods of vulnerability is a better way of improving efforts towards intervention. Brain development begins in the first three weeks after a child is conceived. At conception, it is the egg and the sperm that meet forming a single cell that determine the potential of the genes. Over 55% of the genes carry out the work of brain development. Cells in a thin layer develop on the embryo (Brestan & Lee, 2009). The cells merge to form a tube filled with liquid which is the foundation of the brain and the spinal cord. At this stage, the embryo produces neurons also called nerve cells and in the first month, the cells multiply to produce

My Favorite Place Essay Example for Free

My Favorite Place Essay My favorite place is my grandmother’s house, and l like to be there every weekend. It’s large and big, almost two thousand meters in front of sea side. Every Thursday, we gather there with all family members. Sometimes we invite our friends to join us there. There is no place like my grandmother’s house. It is always welcoming everybody. It has two gardens, a swimming pool, a long car garage, and domestic animals. I will give you a small description for the two gardens at my grandmother’s house. When you enter through the gate, you will find on your left hand the first garden. My grandmother and the gardener were planting the beautiful trees and plants you have ever seen in Kuwait. Also you can hear the sounds of birds chirping and the sounds of pets. The next garden is on the other side of the house, facing the seaside. When you enter, you will smell scents. Such as; Jasmine, basil, cloves, and sea smell. The house from inside is very interesting because it has a modern mixed with classic furniture. It has a huge classic gate. Then on the right hand, you will find long stairs, and on the left side a wide area and in the middle a round table. In front of you, there is a living room, where we sit together there. It always feels cheerful, enjoyable, and welcoming. Next to the living room, you will find the dining room with a huge long table, enough for almost all the family members. My aunty always adds other long tables for the kids. We spend amazing time when we eat there; it is crowded and noisy when everyone wants to talk. On the second floor, you will find eight bedrooms with their bathrooms and a little preparatory kitchen. In the summer, we spend all of our time swimming in the pool or in the sea. It has a large and deep swimming pool. My aunt bought a jumping slide for the children to jump. That item makes us crazy and mad. Sometimes we sleep in my grandmother’s home specially to swim at nights in the moonlight. It is an amazing feeling. In the summer holiday, we were spending wonderful when my mother and father decide to let us sleep at my grandmother’s house. We are three sisters, three brothers, and with my cousins. We are about fifteen kids. We look like a gang and make my grandmother and aunt angry. We spend the most enjoyable days at my grandmother’s swimming pool and gardens. At the end, I like my grandmother’s house, and I have plenty of good memories with all my family members. Now, the house has the same smell. It is mix between flowers and incense smells. In weekends and summer holidays’ we spend the most enjoyable time there. My grandmother let to us sleep in her house, plays in the garden, and swims in the swimming pool or the sea. Thanks to my grandmother, mom, dad, aunties, uncles, and nannies who had been patient with us.

Essay --

Patricia Wang Mrs. Pagtakhan Junior English 10 March 2014 A Reflection of One’s Character The American Dream is an ideal vision many people strive for, promising happiness, prosperity, and success. â€Å"Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness† is the foundation of American society, presenting a false perception that everyone can achieve the American Dream. Although people assume that the Dream comes with an equal opportunity for all, one’s success is undoubtedly tied to a material component. The rich and powerful are born into affluence while the farmers and industrial workers can only long for it. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald portrays Tom Buchanan’s arrogance and fear of change and Jay Gatsby’s obsession with getting Daisy through their homes, revealing Gatsby’s inability to reach his vision of the American Dream. Tom Buchanan’s home reveals his arrogance and fear of change, as he has already reached the American Dream. Tom’s â€Å"Georgian Colonial mansion overlooking the bay† parallels his â€Å"rather hard mouth and †¦ supercilious manner† (11). Located on East Egg, Tom’s house displays the old-fashioned, traditional East where the richest families retain their wealth through family lineage instead of personal gain in the West. The United States originated and expanded from the east coast westward, symbolizing East Egg as the foundation of real money and wealth, while West Egg as money earned through ambition and hard work. Built on the top of the hill, Tom’s home overlooks the entire bay, reminding himself and others that he is above everyone. This ultimately leads to his haughty personality, as he is a â€Å"careless [person†¦ mashing] up things and creatures and then [retreating] back into [his] money or [his] vast carelessness† (... ...e American Dream. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald parallels Jay Gatsby’s home with his longing for the American Dream and Tom Buchanan’s home with his supercilious personality as a result of his excessive wealth. Tom’s directly inherited wealth and Gatsby’s self-earned money reveal that one’s background or environment ultimately determines whether or not the Dream is attainable. Gatsby’s endless struggle portrays the misconception that the American Dream is achievable through hard work and determination, regardless of social class or material wealth. The harsh reality is that wealth and power are the true factors that lead to success and happiness; those who are not born into this environment can never achieve their ideal vision. The desire for perfection undermines the true American society as people continuously strive for the illusion of the American Dream.

Case Study: Active Data Warehousing

1. Describe â€Å"active† data warehousing as it is applied at Continental Airlines. Does Continental apply active or real-time warehousing differently than this concept is normally described? An active data warehousing, or ADW, is a data warehouse implementation that supports near-time or near-real-time decision making. It is featured by event-driven actions that are triggered by a continuous stream of queries that are generated by people or applications regarding an organization or company against a broad, deep granular set of enterprise data.Continental uses active data warehousing to keep track of their company’s daily progress and performance. Continental’s management team holds an operations meeting every morning to discuss how their company is performing in regards to the data collected by their active data warehousing program. The management team believes, â€Å"you can’t manage what you can’t measure,† so they use active data warehou sing to keep track of their customers experience while using Continental Airlines.The information that the management team uses to analyze their company in regards to customer relationship is on-time arrival, on-time departures, baggage handling, and other key performance indicators. Continental also uses active data warehousing for revenue management, revenue accounting, flight operations, fraud detection and airline security. Continental restructured their goals to try to become customers â€Å"favorite† airline to use. They use their active data warehousing to gain as much information about the company’s performance as well as the customers experience.They use this real-time warehousing program to interpret information that is provided and make changes that will better improve their customers experience and help Continental better suit their business in regards to their customers’ needs. 2. In what ways does real-time data warehousing fit with the Continental strategy and plans? Continental Airlines decided to shift their strategy once they went from â€Å"worst to first. † The new goal that they wanted to achieve was making the move from â€Å"first to favorite. Continentals’ new strategy and plan of becoming their customers’ favorite airline could only be achieved by using real-time data warehousing. Continental made plans to become the â€Å"favorite† airline and their strategy involved making business decisions based on information they receive from real-time data warehousing such as: on-time arrival, on-time departures, baggage handling, and other key performance indicators. This information gives the Continental management team the necessary information needed to make corrections or changes in order to better their customers’ experience while using Continental Airlines.Continental’s strategy and plans to become the â€Å"favorite† airline would be much harder to accomplish without real-time data warehousing. They need this information in order to realize what parts of their company need to be tweaked to keep the customer happy. Without real-time data warehousing Continental wouldn’t be able to achieve their goal of moving from â€Å"first to favorite. † 3. Describe the benefits of real-time data warehousing at Continental. Real-time data warehousing has allowed Continental to make significant changes to its business in a variety of ways.According to Continental’s president and COO Larry Kellner, â€Å"Real-time BI is critical to the accomplishment of our business strategy and has created significant business benefits. † There is a wide-range of benefits that Continental has gained from real-time or â€Å"active† data warehouse in the categories of marketing, corporate security, IT, and revenue management. One key benefit in the marketing field is the average increase of travel amongst Continental’s most valuable custo mers, approximately $800 per customer (35,000 customers).A central benefit in is that all employees have the ability to access important facts and information about its customers and the business in its entirety. This in turn allowed Continental to check passenger reservations and flight manifests by cross-referencing with the FBI’s â€Å"watch† list only hours about the 9/11 attacks, deciding if it was safe to fly. Above all, Continental has recognized over $500 million of cost saving and revenue generation (tracking and forecasting, fare designs and analysis, and full reservation analysis) due to the advantages of the business intelligence. . What elements of the data warehousing environment at Continental are necessary to support the extensive end-user business intelligence application development that occurs? There are numerous elements of the data warehousing environment at Continental that are necessary in the support of the extensive end-user BI application deve lopment that takes place. Two important elements that are necessary to discuss are the systems scalability and data security. Since the real-time data warehousing warehouse never gets rid of information, the amount of data increases exponentially over time.Additionally, with the development of BI application, the number of uses will also increase. To deal with the amount of usage and data, the data warehouse at Continental should have scalability which allows the data warehouse to expand the accessible disc space and throughput. The Continental design team took this into account when going through the architecture design of the warehouse. The other element that is important to take care of is data security. Data security is extremely important when a company handles customer information and personal data.Continentals’ warehouse stores all of the customer’s information that can be accessed by other users in order to gain the data that they need. The customers can rest a ssured knowing that their personal information (i. e. social security numbers and credit card numbers) are protected from being opened by any users that are not authorized to view this sensitive information. 5. What special issues about data warehouse management (e. g. , data capture and loading for the data warehouse (ETL processes) and query workload balancing) does this case suggest occur for real-time data warehousing? How has Continental addressed these issues?Real-time data warehousing creates some special issues that need to be solved by data warehouse management. These can create issues because of the extensive technicality that is involved for not only planning the system, but also managing problems as they arise. Two aspects of the BI system that need to be organized in order to elude any technical problems are: the architecture design and query workload balancing. Architecture design is important because when a company is progressively receiving business and different asp ects of the customers’ usage of the company changes the warehouse needs to frequently be updated.Continental planned for the company to use real-time data warehousing so they structured the design to accommodate for the demand of real-time information. The information then became easier to update the warehouse in a timely manner. Query workload balancing is another important aspect of the warehouse that needed to be addressed in order to fulfill Continentals’ need to use the warehouse for tactical and strategic purposes. Continental would run into issues of backed up query processing in their warehouse if query workload balancing wasn’t introduced.The queries would be processed in a â€Å"first in first out† system and would essentially cause backups. Continental resolved this issue by making the warehouse process queries according to the query type. They set up the warehouse to process the specific queries that access single records first and marked them with high priority. Then they prioritized other queries to either be marked with medium priority or low priority depending on what information they are asking for and for what reason it’s needed.Continental’s utilization of using prioritized groupings of queries has led them to be able to process information in a timely manner that is most convenient for the person trying to access this information. (Information regarding the case as well: not sure which one you wanted so I included both) There are two issues that the case study suggests in terms of data management. The first is to recognize that some data cannot and should not be real-time, for three reasons. The first is that Continental knows that real-time data feed are hard to administer because the constant flow of transaction data must always be supervised.The second reason is the need for extra hardware. The last reason Continental is extremely cautious with the movement of additional data is because real-time data feed is extremely costly to bring about. The second issue Continental deals with when it comes to data warehouse management is having the right people in the right positions. Anny individual who handles any aspect of a real-time warehouse must be highly qualified and knowledgeable in both technology and business.According to the case study, â€Å"At Continental, data warehouse staff members in the more technical positions (e. g. , design of ETL processes) have degrees in computer science. Some of them previously built and maintained reservation systems before they joined the warehouse team. Consequently, they have experience with transaction oriented, real-time systems, which serves them well for real-time BI and data warehousing. The warehouse team members who work closely with the business units have previous work experience in the business areas they now support. †

Disability and Sport: Hypermasculinity Explored

Whether you prefer â€Å"the Blade Runner†, â€Å"the Man Without Legs†, â€Å"the Fastest Man on No Legs† or Oscar Pistorius, this young man's story will serve as a case study of mainstreaming in ‘disability sports', specifically in the film Murderball. Pistorius is a 21-year-old South African below the knee amputee who won gold in the 100, 200 and 400 meter events at the 2006 Paralympic Athletics World Championships. Pistorius was regarded as being fast enough to earn a spot for the 200- and 400-meter sprints on South Africa’s Olympic team.Pistorius asked to be allowed to run in the Olympics if he would qualify for his country's Olympic team. The world governing body for track and field (IAAF) ruled on 14 January 2008 – invoking its rule 144. 2 which deals with technical aids – â€Å"that double-amputee sprinter Oscar Pistorius is ineligible to compete in the Beijing Olympics because his prosthetic racing legs give him a clear compet itive advantage† (IAAF, 2008).The story of Pistorius well serve as the example of attempted mainstreaming of disability in sports, on the elite international front. Does the film Muderball make progress in mainstreaming disability through sport? The merits of the film will be analyzed through the lens of the relationship sport and disability, as well as its connotations for mainstreaming in disability. Murderball presents a unique opportunity to reflect on representations of disability in the contemporary North American context.The narrative of the film constructs a rugby wheelchair rivalry between Team U. S. A. , captained by Mark Zupan, and Team Canada, coached by Joe Soars. Murderball does exceptionally well in muddling the notions of people with disabilities as fragile and helpless, countering ableist assumptions about what persons with quadriplegia can accomplish. However, based on a close reading of the film, it is suggested that Murderball accomplishes this disruption t hrough the celebration of ableist, sexist and heterosexist tropes.The following is a critique the film’s construction of the relationship between competitive international sport settings, disability, and masculinity by drawing on anti-normative politics. It is proposed that recuperations of normative identity in Murderball rely on a jingoistic and violent moral authority, while subjecting themselves to the constraints of normalcy. Due to its popularity and its subject matter, the film presents a unique opportunity to reflect on representations of disability, through the unique lens of sport, in the contemporary North American context.In portraying disabled men participating in a highly risk involving contact sport in intensely belligerent nationalist settings, the film differs from the majority of North American cinematic portrayals of disability. As Irving Zola, in his Missing Pieces: A Chronicle of Living With a Disability, points out that â€Å"the use of the concept of d anger was questionable, for a basic human right  is the right to take  risks†, a right which a quadreplegic does not surrender. Murderball serves to humanize disability in this regard.It was compelling to undertake a critical examination of the film that Murderball works exceptionally well to disrupt notions of people with disabilities as fragile and helpless, and that disability was humanized through the story presented. Kurt Lindemann and James Cherney (2008) similarly argue that: â€Å"wheelchair rugby is itself a communicative act that sends a complex message to both the community of sport and our broader social collectives that counters ableist assumptions about what persons with quadriplegia can accomplish† (p. 08). Within the discipline of disability studies, premises of disability have evolved in the last several decades. Nigel Thomas and Andy Smith (2009) note that there has been â€Å"a shift from medical, individualized definitions and ideologies of disa bility to more socially constructed explanations of disability, which place more responsibility for disability on mainstream society† (p. 23). The medical model, however, is not without its merits. Disability has become a topic in sport sociology with increasing depth in recent years.Themes that have commonly been addressed include: disability sport policies, governing bodies, and the opportunities for participation they provide; media portrayals of disability sport; the ways that athlete’s identities are negotiated through medical and social models of disability; and the role sports play in managing the stigmatization of athletes with disabilities. Within the study of the sociology of sport masculinity has become a dominant topic of discussion. David Howe and Carwyn Jones (2006) consider the classification of disabled athletes into competitive classes in amateur associations and Paralympic competition.They claim that the International Paralympic Committee has marginali zed the disability sports community by controlling classification systems and imposing restrictions on opportunities for equitable sports practice. Their justification is, that this threatens the ideology of Paralympism while ignoring the empowerment of non-elite athletes (Howe & Jones, 2006, p. 44). While providing an analysis of sport’s structure, choices, and fairness for participants of all abilities, Howard Nixon (2007) advocates for the creation of diverse sports opportunities for people with disabilities.My critique of Murderball does not extend to the sport’s governing body, or policies that effect the sport, however the case study of Oscar Pistorius serves this exact purpose. How do individuals with disabilities negotiate their identities through sport? Both social and medical models of disability affect disability sport participants’ identity formation, while success in international disability sport may lead to positive subjectivity, changed self-unde rstanding, and an increased sense of personal empowerment.Much research of participation in disability sports at the school age indicates that physical activity is a normalizing experience for these children as it facilitates friendships and social identity (Taub & Greer, 2000). The problems of normative aspects of the representation of athletes with disabilities in Murderball demonstrates that people with profound disabilities can be aggressive and athletic. It must be noted that all of the people with disabilities depicted in Murderball are elite athletes in international competition who are shown making aggressive plays on the court and whose off court commentary is full of macho bravado.The limited representation of people with disabilities in popular films may be partially attributed to the pursuit of profit. In attempt to appeal to the largest audience possible and to increase box office and rental sales, narratives are filed with homogenizing representations and saleable them es. Normative narratives allow the maximum projected audience to relate to the story, by relaying common themes such as normative masculinity Murderball subscribes to this familiar scheme by placing the athletes at the center of a very conservative political project.The film positions quad-rugby players as worthy subjects of the documentary according to their ability to participate in a sport that requires affirmations fitting with normative masculinity such as power, violence, hypersexuality, and strength. Meanwhile, The players’ contentions with stereotypes associated with disability is unfortunately overtaken by a seemingly constant reiteration of the athletes' capacity for athletic competition, and this is demonstrated through their sport participation and physicality.This situates the athletes’ conformity to hegemonic masculinity in that â€Å"the athletic male body has been a mark of power and moral superiority for those who bear it† (Dutton in Dworkin ; W achs, 2000, p. 49). The opening scene effectively illustrates the ethos of the film in this respect. Mark Zupan undresses and gets himself ready for a workout. As he begins to dress in athletic shorts, he removes his shirt revealing a defined white, muscular torso, his physical presence doesn't seem weak or fragile. He is clearly capable of dressing himself, the absence of a sound track is noted as uncharacteristic for contemporary North American cinema.This leaves an uncomfortable silence as accompaniment for an intimate moment rarely depicted on camera. The mere fact that he has an obvious impairment and uses a wheelchair is also atypical for popular cinema. This silent visual representation provides context for the film’s opening credits and sets up the primary subject of the film. The uncomfortable image is contrasted with Mark Zupan’s capacity to be independent and fill the screen with his presence. His large bold tattoo is featured in the center of the picture as he lifts his leg with his hands.Zupan assembles a wheelchair highlighting its mechanical efficiency with close up shots of nuts, bolts, spokes and a battered metal surface covered with an American flag sticker. An electric motor makes noise, as the wheels are pumped up. The name Zupan is affixed to the pump with athletic tape. Although he does not represent completely normative masculinity as a man with a disability, the other aspects of his presence in this scene – his strength, his ability to perform complex technical tasks self sufficiently, and his loud tattoo and goatee – are symbolic of a strong masculine physicality.His embodiment also works to code his non-conformity as marketable. On a surface level, then, the film’s popularity can be considered a success for disability cultural activist movement. It is an authentic portrayal of a disabled subculture that avoids the traditional narrative traps of many mainstream disability films. The audience is immedi ately directed to check their well- intentioned sympathies at the door, along with any preconceived notions about the fragility of the disabled body. Disability sexuality, a taboo and uncomfortable ground for many non-disabled viewers, is reclaimed with a vengeance.Indeed, one of the difficulties in analyzing Murderball is that its most radical features are simultaneously its most conventional. Thus, while non-disabled viewers may find their assumptions and stereotypes challenged by the masculine sexual bravado of Murderball’s quadriplegic rugby players, there may be a simultaneous sense of relief at the ironclad endurance of male heterosexual privilege. Heterosexuality no longer functions as evidence that a disabled masculinity has finally been ‘cured’; instead, it is the masculinization of disability that holds the power to rehabilitate heteronormativity from its own gender trouble.Therefore, Murderball serves as an interesting case study of the intersection be tween disability studies and masculinity. The popularity of this film demonstrates a powerful cultural backlash against representational histories that have conflated feminization, male homosexuality, and disability. The film successfully remasculinizes its subjects, celebrating disability and strength, resulting in the inevitable hypermasculine body. Ironically, the rhetoric of masculinity in Murderball is also the source of its anatgonism. The film's ‘crip' critique of able-bodiedness relies on repeated heteromasculine performances.A close reading of the film reveals masculinity as the visual mechanism through which disability is beginning to find its place on the contemporary cultural stage. Murderball harnesses the normalizing powers of masculinity, presenting a narrative of gender that helped to generate mainstream appeal in the box office and, more importantly, mainstream approval of a stigmatized social identity. A question that must be mentioned is what does the film M uderball mean for quadripelegic women? The same logic that masculinizes the quadriplegic or paraplegic man also functions to both masculinize and desexualize the quadriplegic or paraplegic woman.Disabled women, and particularly disabled female athletes, are not celebrated as having been liberated from oppressive conventions of gender, nor are they given access to normative femininity. Indeed the few images of disabled women that the documentary presents function more as a set of brief snapshots that, while easy to miss, momentarily interrupt the temporal, and often verbal, logic through which these ‘boys’ become ‘men’. These more or less static images haunt the film’s perimeter, a subtle threat to the coherence of a narrative that celebrates quadriplegia as the natural outcome of the hypermasculine male body.The concept of mainstreaming has been prominently constant in the world of disability for many years, while its definition has evolved substanti ally. Mainstreaming, initially referring to merely placing individuals with disabilities in regular classes with able-bodied individuals, was introduced in the 1960s (Reynolds, 1962). The majority of professionals in the disability field did not accept mainstreaming. It was mostly regarded as â€Å"a statement of what could or should be possible† (Aufesser, 1991).Initially, the premise of mainstreaming only included integrating those with ‘mild disabilities' and definitely not those with physical disabilities. During the movement of deinstitutionalization in the 1970s, the definition of mainstreaming underwent a significant shift. The ‘new' interpretation of mainstreaming is highlighted by the Cascade System, a model first proposed by Reynolds in 1962 and amended and reintroduced by Deno in 1970. This revolution, of sorts, gave way to new terms such as ‘normalization', ‘least restrictive alternative', and ‘continuum of service'.The Cascade System can be characterized as a two-box system in which parallel but separate educational programs for regular and special education operate within school buildings. The implementation of the Cascade system was difficult at best, and nonexistent a lot of the time. The model helped create understanding and support around a better system that â€Å"facilitates tailoring of treatment to individual needs rather than a system for sorting out children so they will fit conditions designed according to group standards not necessarily suitable for the particular case† (Deno, 1970, p. 35). The philosophy behind this model is commendable and is the only logical framework within which to develop a system of mainstreaming. Therefore, Murderball has already been mainstreamed in some regards. The excitement and intensity of the sport attract a large following, able-bodied and disabled alike. The stories of Pistorius and Mark Zupan extend beyond bionic runners and wheelchair rugby. Several other issues arose as a result of the Pistorius controversy.Can the UN Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities, the newest human rights instrument for people with disabilities, give some guidance? By invoking the rule 144. 2 and dealing with technical aids for Olympic, Paralympic, other-lmypic, and international sport, it opened the dialogue for further progress. The future of ‘enhancements' and their impact on the Olympics, Paralympics, other-lympic, and international sport has not been thoroughly researched, and it is expected that an increase work into this issue will emerge.Another interesting dynamic that is touched upon is the relationship between the Olympics, Paralympics, other –lympics and international sports. Will we be exposed to any changes in the relationship between the ‘lympics' due to the Pistorius case? Bottom of Form Deno, E. (1970). Special education as developmental capital. Exceptional Children, 37, mildly retarded—Is much of i t justifiable? 229-237. Works Cited Dworkin, S. , ; Wachs, F. (2000). The Morality/Manhood Paradox. In J. McKay (Ed. ), Masculinities, gender relations, and sport. (pp. 47—65).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Hoare, Q. ; Nowell Smith, J. (Trans. ; Eds. ). New York: International Publishers. Howe, P. D. , ; Jones, C. (2006). Classification of disabled athletes: (Dis)empowering the Paralympic practice community. Sociology of Sport Journal, 23(1), 29—46. â€Å"IAAF Oscar Pistorius – Independent Scientific study concludes that cheetah prosthetics offer clear mechanical advantages†, International Association of Athletics Federations, 14 Jan 2008, available at:http://www. aaf. org/news/newsId=42896,printer. html; Kurt Lindemann and James L. Cherney. â€Å"Communicating In and Through â€Å"Murderball†: Masculinity and Disability in Wheelchair Rugby. †Ã‚  Western Journal of Communication  (2008): 107-25. Lead Article. Taub, D. E. , ; Greer, K. R. (1998). Sociology of acceptance revisited: Males with physical disabilities participating in sport and physical fitness activity. Deviant Behavior, 19(3), 279—302. Thomas, N. , ; Smith, A. (2009). Disability, sport and society: An introduction. New York: Routledge.

Car Safety Physics Essays

Car Safety Physics Essays Car Safety Physics Essay Car Safety Physics Essay Essay Topic: Whiplash Problem to be solved Keep the occupants safe One of the main objectives of trying to keep the occupants safe is to keep them all inside the vehicle at all times. The vehicle must not have open spaces that an occupant can fall out of in case of an accident. If gaps in the vehicle are unavoidable or inevitable then a safety-belt or inertial-belt would be required to keep the occupants in place inside the vehicle. Try to make the occupants change velocity in the same way as the car does An inertial-belt is used to keep the occupant moving at the same velocity as the car at all times therefore preventing them from moving with their own inertia and sharing it with the car. Cushion the surfaces of the passenger compartment Airbags are used to cushion blows or impacts with the car for occupants in case of accidents. There are also no or barely any sharp edges inside a car that can harm occupants in the event of an accident. Keep the passenger compartment rigid, so that it does not fold in on the occupants Roll-bars and other body reinforcement techniques are used to prevent the car from crushing the occupants and to reduce the damage done to the car. Increase the time for the impulse to take place Most make use of the crumple-zone safety feature of cars to help reduce the time for impulse to take place on the car’s occupants and therefore reducing injury. Try to keep the car from rolling over Tyres are used to prevent body roll just as much as they are used to initially prevent accidents from occurring so in essence they play an important role in the prevention of harm in case of an accident. Head restraints It isn’t common to find a safety feature which keeps your head restrained at all times however in case of accidents, airbags are used to help reduce whiplash and a collapsible steering column are used to prevent the driver or occupants from getting harmed by the steering wheel. Ensure that the braking system is effective (ABS and Disc brakes) There are some clever braking systems that are designed to help increase the effectiveness of braking. ABS for example is a braking system which makes the car’s brakes release at intervals to prevent them from locking up completely which will cause the car to lose traction and therefore take longer to eventually come to a resting position.

Overview of the Independent American Party

Overview of the Independent American Party The Independent American Party is a minor Constitution-based party with limited influence, and is not to be confused with the large percentage of voters who consider themselves independents. The most recent electoral activity for the party was a 2012 US Senate race in New Mexico where the IAP candidate received just under 4% of the vote. That candidate, John Barrie, was also the founder of the New Mexico chapter of the American Independent Party. After formally registering the party, they were granted direct ballot access for two election cycles. After he lost the Senate race, Barrie left the NM-IAP and joined the similar Constitution Party, likely because the IAP would be unable to gain ballot access after the freebies. The party website currently directs potential candidates to register as write-in candidates if they live in the state of Utah. The partys Facebook page is dedicated to sharing news links about constitutional issues and has limited information on party-related events. The party likely attracts a number of curious visitors due to having independent in the name of their party. The National Chairman is Kelly Gneiting, a 5-time US champion sumo wrestler who also holds a Guinness World Record for being the heaviest man to finish a marathon. Mission Statement To promote: respect for life, liberty and property; strong traditional families; patriotism; and individual, state and national sovereignty - with a strong reliance on the Declaration of Independence and allegiance to the Constitution for the United States of America - by petition to God and by political and educational means. History Founded in 1998, the IAP is a Protestant Christian theocratic political party. It initially existed in several Western states and is a remnant of former Alabama Gov. George Wallaces once-powerful American Independent Party. Converting the unaffiliated IAP state party organizations - united by a common Religious Right ideology (similar to the Constitution Party) - into a national IAP organization was an effort started by members of Utah IAP. The Idaho IAP and Nevada IAP subsequently affiliated with the fledgling US-IAP in late 1998. The party subsequently established small chapters in 15 other states, and it now has contacts in every other state. Most of the IAP activities remain in Utah, however. In 1996 and 2000, the various IAP state parties endorsed the Constitution Party nominee for president and in 2000, the national chairman questioned the IAPs future in presidential elections. The party has focused its attention more on activism in the last eight years and has almost completely withdrawn from fielding local, state or federal candidates. Since 2002, the IAP has endorsed Constitution Party candidates and other conservative third party nominees. The IAPs platform calls for: The immediate termination of all programs of foreign aid, whether military or non-military, to all foreign governmentsImmediate withdrawal from the UN and NatoThe repeal of all federal gun legislation and state firearm laws which are not in accordance with the US ConstitutionStrong immigration reform including the repeal of amnesty laws and the prompt deportation of all illegal aliens and a clarification of the 14th Amendment that does not recognize the US citizenship of children born to illegal immigrants on US soilEnglish as America’s official languageThe passage of a balanced budget amendmentRaising tariffs on imported goods and a ban on all imported goods produced by child laborProtecting the ocean and fishing rightsEliminate regulations that artificially impede the production of domestic oil while enacting a transition to alternative fuelsProtecting the right to life for all US citizens, including the unbornPeople have the right to choose their health care providers and h ave quality health care and no one - including the patient - has the right to make decisions that result in the death of the patient Outlawing cloning and the development of genetic mutationsParents have the right to choose how their children are educatedRestoration of god to the public squareMarriage is a sacred union between a man and a woman only

Orientalism In Hollywood Movies Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Orientalism In Hollywood Movies - Movie Review Example Here the lead actor, Yule Brynner’s role, portrays Thailand’s legendary monarch, King Mongkut, who had opened the doors of his country, to welcome the entry of western influences during his reign in the 1860s. However, the movie, which is an adaptation of the book ‘Anna and the King of Siam’ by Margaret Landon, shows a lack of in-depth research work and limited knowledge on Thai history and culture, has a tendency to highlight dramatic considerations, and being too Eurocentric, fails to depict the country’s history authentically. This article will do a film review on â€Å"The King and me† and examine how ‘orientalism’ is represented in this movie. It will explore the notions of ‘orientalism’ as given by Edward Said, and will study the movie in this respect. It will also examine the post-war theory of modernization, which is very evidently represented in this movie. Postwar theory of modernization in the movie: King Mongkut, a renowned monarch of Thailand, has always been ‘an usually attractive subject to study’, and is generally considered to be ‘a pivotal one in Thai history’ (Wilson, 164). The movie is based on a romantic relationship that develops between Anna Leonowens and King Mongkut, and it depicts the issue of modernization quite clearly. It shows certain nuances of reality, by depicting the pros and cons of trying to adapt to a new culture, as the king opens the door for the western world to enter. The movie shows Anna Leonowens, a highly specialized English-American school teacher, who is hired by the king to teach the royal children western thoughts and etiquette. As she initially crosses sword with the king, the movie shows how Anna saves the country from the tyranny of the nonwestern ruler, by imbibing American modern values within him, thus ‘modernizing’ him in the process.

New fuel cell technology used to replace APU in new boeing 737 and Essay

New fuel cell technology used to replace APU in new boeing 737 and airbus A320 - Essay Example It is monitored and controlled by the Electronic Controller. There are actually many different kinds of APUs used in the Boeing 737, created by a few different manufacturers. The AlliedSignal APU has the highest power rating at 90kVA up to 31,000 ft. (Brady, 1999); this power rating drops at higher altitude. Fuel cell technology is currently able to match this 90 kilo-Volt-Ampere power rating, in order to replace this APU. This has been demonstrated in test flights of hydrogen-powered aircraft, as described below. ‘The SOFC uses jet fuel as the reformer in the proton exchange membrane to give a 440kW APU that is 75% efficient compared to the conventional 40-45% efficient APUs. This would give a typical fuel saving of 1,360t for a 737 over a year. It is actually a hybrid gas turbine / fuel cell due to the sudden surges in demand eg engine starts and gear retraction etc. The SOFC will use air from a compressor passed through a heat exchanger for its gas turbine section. A potential drawback is that it has a 40min start-up time, so it would have to remain on for the whole day and depending upon its noise levels this could be a problem at airports which require the APU to be shutdown during the turnaround. ‘ The efficiency of SOFCs over conventional APUs is large; although the long start-up time might be prohibitable. The technology needed for a SOFC APU to replace the current Boeing APU may be available by 2010, but it could take much longer. Boeing was working in conjunction with Airbus to develop the necessary technologies to replace the APUs with fuel cell technology, since they essentially share the same supplier pool, but they were ready to split when it came to time to develop competitive finished products. The technology for building hydrogen-fueled aircraft has already been demonstrated. The Airbus A320 Fuel Cell Demonstrator was first publicly presented in Berlin in 2008. The fuel cell system provides 20kW of

English as Second Language Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English as Second Language - Research Proposal Example Ghaith). However, having said this, it is also essential to weigh the cons so that necessary steps are taken to plug the loopholes. Every system has some weakness. It is for the faculty to take note of these weaknesses and take adequate measures to effectively implement the CL concept in the institution. The participants are 200 male students of the English department in the age group 18-22 years and faculty of the Riyadh Teachers' College. The students as well as the teachers will be asked to fill out a questionnaire. Additionally, teachers will have to undergo an interview to investigate how they perceive CL. Let us first consider the advantages of the CL concept. It frees the teacher from the traditional method of addressing the whole classroom alone. The traditional system becomes more difficult to implement when the classroom is huge and there are students in such large numbers that it becomes almost impossible to evaluate if all the students have adequately understood the lessons being taught. In such situations, the CL concept not only frees the teacher from the shackles of many students not having their problems addressed but also provides them with time and capabilities to understand students' problems and find solutions. It is not usual these days to find classrooms with large number of students. The teacher might not feel it possible to adequately address all the students in the given time slot. She might resign to the possibility of the brighter students getting the best of her pedagogue while allowing the none-too-interested students to struggle away at the rear. The CL concept frees the teacher from solely addressing the students. However, it does not guarantee an easy strategy. The teacher has to prepare well in advance for what is about to happen. She must thoroughly visualize the scenario of the CL groups interacting and getting back to her with their queries (Adam Waxler). The CL concept helps the teacher better address the responsibility of attending the ESL needs of a large number of students with relative ease. The concept is a silent but effective tool to enable students gain confidence and learn ESL with peer interactions. The students may not be able to understand the teacher in the traditional method of pedagogue or if they have queries, they may not be in position to get them clarified on an immediate basis. However, in the CL setup they are able to do both (Implementing Cooperative Learning English Teaching Forum October). Methods of Data Analysis There are many methods of data analysis. A method is chosen when it is found convenient and fitting for the purpose. Equations for the probability functions are given for the standard form of the distribution. Formulas exist for defining the functions with location and scale parameters in terms of the standard form of the distribution (Gallery of Distributions). There are also the measures of variability wherein data is analyzed according to the spread of the frequency. In the case of ESL students, the groups could be analyzed

Greed and Evil Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucher Essay Example for Free

Greed and Evil Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucher Essay In Chaucers section of the Canterbury Tales, The Pardoners Tale various literary elements occur. He displays personification, and makes death a character, giving him life. He includes a moral to his tale which is greed is the root of all evil(Bible) and gives the story meaning. Chaucers plot is another key part to the story, because it proved greed can bring evil. Chaucer wrote the Pardoners Tale with the theme greed is the root of all evil he was able to show this by using various literary elementsThe moral, greed is the root of all evil(Bible), is displayed through the greediness of the three characters. When the youngest leaves, his mind was able to devise an evil plan caused by greed. His selfishness caused him to do the following, And deftly poured the poison into two. He kept the third one clean, as well he might, For his own drink, meaning to work all night(Chaucer 217-218). The youngest was tempted by greed to commit an evil action. Chaucer wanted the reader to realize money and greed are problems with society. They cause people to commit evil acts. Killing someone for money shows Chaucer wanted one to read this tale and recognize the problems of greed. The Characters are essential to this tale also. Chaucer displays death as a character giving him human traits and personifying him. This personification of death adds a sense of doom and gives a slight fear. Death adds these qualities because dying is like a journey to the unknown, and it naturally scares people to think about it. When Chaucer writes, There came a privy thief, they call him Death, Who kills us all round here(Chaucer 15-16) he attempts to add a sense of fear and terror by saying there is a person who goes around and kills everyone. It is far scarier then using death as a thing that happens instead of using death as a person. Chaucers personification of death improved the story by creating suspense, and terror. The plot of the story is the most important, and uses irony to gives entertainment. The three men went looking for death, and find it to be a heap of gold. The irony of this was that the characters ended up getting killed themselves and on their search for death they met their own death, which was the heap of gold. This ironic occurrence is almost comedic when all three men plan to kill one another and all three men succeed in doing  this. Chaucer writes Thus these two murderers received their due, so did the treacherous young poisoner too.(Chaucer 237-238). The irony here also criticizes greed in humans. It makes fun of the fact that greed really is the root of all evil. Chaucer created this irony for both entertainment and to make a point about greed. In conclusion Chaucer wrote his story with the theme greed is the root of all evil (Bible) and used the literary elements of plot, moral, and characters to achieve this. Chaucer struck fear and added suspense when he personified death. Without personifying death Chaucers story would have been less exciting. Chaucer was ironic with his plot and those who were looking for death found it. This comedic addition also criticized humans and their tendency to be greedy. Chaucer was successful in creating a story which explained how greed is the root of all evil(Bible). Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, ed. Larry D. Benson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000). New Testament in Pauls first epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy 6:10).

Sleep Deprivation Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sleep deprivation has become a major problem with Americans. Over 100 million Americans today suffer from lack of sleep. This has been an ongoing problem throughout the centuries. People owe their bodies sleep and scientist are calling it a â€Å"Sleep debt†. An average American owes their body at least thirty hours of sleep. This lack of sleep is as hazardous as drunk driving.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One man caught sleep deprivation at it’s best. He pushed himself to the limits as much as possible. One day he went thirty hours without sleep and was on his way to his parents for supper. On his way to his parents house he stopped on some railroad tracks and stared a train in the face until it hit him. He survived the incident with torn cartilage in his rib. It has been said that had he not had been deprived of the sleep his body needed, his reflexes would have told him that the train was going to hit him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cultural belief leads people into thinking that one can not be successful without sleep. This is the main theory that Doctor William Dement bases his study on. Dr. Dement has done marvelous work on REM sleep, sleep apnea and narcolepsy. He is sure that eating and sleeping are in the same category of importance. Eight hours of sleep a night is the minimum of sleep for one person, any less gives a sleep debt that has to be fulfilled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you are feeling dizzy during the day...

Leadership in the Public Policy Making Process Essay

Leadership is a momentous role to have when it comes to how an agency handles actions and policies. Effective leaders can increase organizational efficiency, provide greater direction for employees, help members of an organization realize their potential, and improve organizational culture (Cropf, 2008, p233). It is possible for a leader to be low down in the organizational framework as well as at the top. An organization must determine what is needed for its leaders to be effective and what requirements will address those needs. Leadership is needed in a number of areas in public service: (1) developing a clear vision for the organization, (2) working across multiple constituencies, (3) recognizing social and ethical values, (4) creating vibrant organizational networks, (5) enhancing organizational performance, and (6) maintaining democratic values (Cropf, 2008, p 234). Leaders is recognized a need to have certain values, encourages and help build an environment where teamwork is normal, motivates and inspires others, has a vision, helps to motivate to work toward the vision, and has a lasting change. Executives who exhibit leadership qualities beyond their assigned status exercise influence through both positional authority and personal authority (Cropf, 2008, p237). Leaders have the qualities that it takes to build the correct team. A leader may not have all the needed skills to accomplish a task but by building relationships, the right person would be motivated to assist with the completion of the vision. Public Policy and Leadership Public policy transformational leaders who exhibit charisma would be a great talent. These leaders help to motivate others to their way of thinking. They can have a vision but through relationships, they tend to enthuse followers with a commitment that can be extraordinary. It is through this type of motivation that difficult or visions that are not thought to be possible are accomplished. President John F. Kennedy was a charismatic transformational leader. When he gave his Inaugural Address, he offered the memorable injunction: â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you–ask what you can do for your country† (Beschloss, 2009). As a leader, he challenged an entire country to see and realize his vision. That is a great establishment of objectives and priorities of public policy. President John F. Kennedy made sure his team was aware of a clearly defined vision or purpose for the country. At a time when government and nonprofits aim to â€Å"work better and cost less,† understanding the many ways in which leadership works is a necessary tool for effective administration (Cropf, 2008 p 233). Public policy may not get a leader with all the desired qualifications like military experience or foreign policy. True leaders would not need to have this experience to be an effective leader because they would have the skills to motivate those who do and that would allow for a leader without this experience. The Current U. S. President Barrack Obama has not served in the military but was elected President in time of War. This is credence to his charisma and ability to get people to follow and support his vision. Conclusion  When you are looking at public policy and its leaders, it could be the president of the United States or the manager of the local Department of Motor Vehicles or even a librarian. It is how the person has a vision, sees the vision, relates and motivates other to believe in the vision that determines the leaders. It is different than being a manager but public policy is an area where vision is key and the ability to see that vision to the completion is a must. Leaders not only see what is best for them but what is best for organizations, countries, or constituents.