International Expansion into an emerging market Essay

Worldwide Expansion into a developing business sector - Essay Example Plan of system is now and again characterized as building up, an appropriate firm condition fit. The business condition (outside) has comprehensively two parts viz, business openings and dangers to business. The outer powers (Macro) are by and large; more wild than the miniaturized scale powers (inner) when the full scale condition is wild, the accomplishment of an organization/association relies upon its versatility to the earth. A report (cited in Hill, 2003, pg 491) by Ravenscraft and Scherer inferred that over 75% of acquisitions come up short. Two of the fundamental reasons are a (Hill, 2003, pg 492) conflict between the way of life of the gaining and procured firmand also, an inability to (Hill, 2003, pg 492) acknowledge collaborations by coordinating the activities of the two organizations. Significant large scale condition factors incorporate monetary condition, political and administrative condition, social/social condition, segment condition, innovative condition indigenous habitat and worldwide condition. The basic convictions and worth frameworks shape the significant exercises of that society and structure individuals' impression of the world (Sanyal, 2001). So arranging any movement other than local nation, organizations need to examine these components moreover. Distinguishing proof of the dangers and openings in the earth and the qualities and shortcomings of the firm is the foundation of business strategy detailing; it is these elements which decide the course/game-plans to guarantee the endurance and/or development of an association. The earth may introduce numerous chances, yet an organization probably won't have the qualities to abuse all the chances. Likewise; at times an association won't have the solidarity to meet the natural dangers. On the off chance that an association, in this manner finds that it won't have the fitness to get by in a specific business for which an association is generally skilled. Worldwide rebuilding of assembling enterprises is the essence of globalization. FDI inflows into creating nations as of late have been seen into assembling. One significant channel through which inflows of remote capital, of outside direct speculation (FDI) specifically, influences work showcases in creating nations (Fischer, 2003). Indian financial changes: The monetary progression is introduced India in 1991 radically changed the business condition. The advancement, by significantly extending the extent of private undertaking and expelling the section and development limitations, has given a generous breathing space to private endeavor to choose the portfolio system. Changes in the business condition over the world may change the modern situation of countries. The natural chances and dangers ought to be assessed in the light of the quality and shortcomings of

MEdieval Renaissance conflict in Dr Faustus Essay Example For Students

MEdieval Renaissance strife in Dr Faustus Essay In the play, the hero, Doctor Faustus, is a very much regarded German researcher who becomes disappointed with his investigations of medication, law, rationale and religious philosophy. He needs a vocation to coordinate the extent of his desire, a subject to challenge his tremendous acumen; in this way, he chooses to go to the perilous act of magic, or enchantment. He makes an agreement with Mephistopheles to offer his spirit to Lucifer consequently of twenty-four years of supreme force. Afterward, in his investigation, when Faustus starts to surrender, a Good Angel and a Bad Angel appear to him; each urges him to follow his recommendation. Mephistopheles shows up and Faustus consents to sign an agreement in blood with the demon despite the fact that few signs show up which caution him not to make this bond. Faustus starts to atone of his deal as the voice of the Good Angel keeps on asking him to apologize. To redirect Faustus, Mephistopheles and Lucifer both show up and march the seven destructive sins before Faustus. After this, Mephistopheles takes Faustus to Rome and leads him into the popes private chambers, where the two become undetectable and pull tricks on the pope and some clueless monks. After this scene, Faustus ND Mephistopheles go to the German sovereigns court, where they invoke Alexander the Great. Right now, Faustus likewise causes a couple of horns out of nowhere to show up on one of the knights who had been distrustful about Faustus powers. After this scene, Faustus is next observed offering his pony to a pony courser with the exhortation that the man must not ride the pony into the water. Afterward, the pony courser enters Faustus study and blames Faustus for bogus dealings in light of the fact that the pony had transformed into a heap of roughage in a lake. Subsequent to performing other mystical, silly deceives Faustus comes back to his examination, where in line with his individual attempts to get Faustus to seek after salvation but Faustus can't. He realizes it is presently past the point where it is possible to get some distance from the wickedness and request absolution. At the point when the researchers leave, eleven o'clock rolls in and Faustus understands that he should surrender his spirit inside 60 minutes. As the clock denotes each progressing portion of time, Faustus sinks further and more profound into despair. At long last, the Doctor Faustus closes with Faustus anticipating the last hour of his life before he is stolen away to endless perdition by the operators of the black market. THE MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE CONFLICT Scholar R. M. Adkins broadly commented that Doctor Faustus recounts to the account of a Renaissance man who needed to follow through on the medieval cost for being one. This citation illuminates one of the plays focal topics The contention between Medieval standards and the Renaissance goals, and how Faustus is trapped in the grasp of the evolving times. Certain parts of the show can be utilized to help a translation of Faustus as a Renaissance legend and different angles recommend he is a medieval saint. As indicated by medieval perspective on the world, everything rotated around God and religion though the Renaissance see put more accentuation on the person, on traditional learning, and on logical investigation into the idea of the world. In the medieval times any endeavor or aspiration to go past the relegated place was viewed as an incredible sin of pride. For the medieval individual, pride was probably the best sin that could be submitted. This idea depended on the way that Lucifer fall was the consequence of his pride when he attempted to rebel against God. Hence, for the medieval individual, hopeful ride got one of the cardinal sins. The Medieval View According to the medieval view, Faustus has a longing for prohibited information. So as to acquire information than he is qualified for, Faustus makes an agreement with Lucifer, which achieves his condemnation. In the preamble, Marlowe composes Till swollen with shrewd, of a self-arrogance, His waxen wings mounted over his range. With these lines, he depicts a picture of Cirrus, who flew excessively near sun which liquefied his waxed wings. This story was well known as a picture of pointless will and aspiration. .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3 , .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3 .postImageUrl , .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3 , .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3:hover , .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3:visited , .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3:active { border:0!important; } .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3:active , .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uf41459d61 6bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uf41459d616bb612f8f1e405ec2807ee3:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Renaissance craftsmanship cardAlso, toward the finish of the play, Faustus discovers that extraordinary forces are held for the divine beings and that the individual who endeavors to deal with or bargain in otherworldly powers must face interminable punishment. In this way, by the medieval outlook, Faustus merits his discipline subsequently the play isn't so much a disaster as it is a profound quality play. The consummation is a demonstration of Justice, when the man who has violated against the normal laws of the universe is Justifiably rebuffed. The tune toward the finish of the show re-underscores this position when it re proves the crowd to learn room Faustus condemnation and not endeavor to go past the limitations put on mankind. The Renaissance View According to the Renaissance see, Faustus opposes the constraints of medieval information and the limitation put upon mankind proclaiming that he should acknowledge his place known to man without testing it. In his initial monologue in scene l, Faustus considers and rejects this medieval perspective. He settle, in full Renaissance soul, to acknowledge no restrictions, customs, or experts as he continued looking for as he continued looking for edification and supreme force. His longing, is to rise above the constraints of mankind and ascend to more noteworthy accomplishments and statures. In the most perfect sense, Faustus needs to demonstrate that he can get more noteworthy than he by and by is. Due to his craving to go past human confinements, Faustus is eager to risk punishment so as to accomplish his objectives. Faustus, in this way, might be considered as a Renaissance Hero-a saint of the new current world, a world liberated from God, religion, and the limits that the medieval thoughts had forced on mankind. End Christopher Marlowe experienced the hour of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance. These were two totally different recorded periods with very various qualities, One of the explanations behind the prominence of his play was that it damaged the back-and-forth between the rebukes of the congregation and the energizing prospects of information recommended by the development of science and the recovery of old style learning. Marlowe own disposition toward the conflict among medieval and Renaissance esteems is very equivocal. He appears to be threatening toward the desire of Faustus, and keeps his deplorable saint unequivocally in the medieval world, where interminable punishment is the cost of unman pride. The mistake and average quality that follow Faustus settlement with the villain, as he slides from great aspirations to frivolous conjuring stunts, may recommend that the new, present day soul, however goal-oriented and sparkling, will lead just to a Faustian impasse. Then again, his renaissance belief systems are reflected in Faustus character, he hears Renaissance voices which reveal to him Just the inverse expand the limits of human information. Look for riches and influence. Carry on with this life to the full since tomorrow youll be dead. This topic of eat, drink, and be joyful for morrow we bite the dust was a well known subject during the Renaissance time frame.

Understanding the Panic Disorder Treatment Plan

Understanding the Panic Disorder Treatment Plan Panic Disorder Treatment Print Understanding the Panic Disorder Treatment Plan By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 06, 2019 Getty Images Credit: sturti More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions Psychotherapy is one of the most common treatment options for people living with mental illness. Many panic disorder sufferers will decide to go to therapy to assist in dealing with difficult emotions, building coping techniques, and managing symptoms. If you determine that therapy is the right treatment option for your needs, you will work with your therapist and follow a recommended treatment plan. This plan will be used as your map or guide on the road towards recovery. The following provides information to help you understand more about the panic disorder treatment plan. Treatment Plan for Panic Disorder Attending therapy can assist a person with panic disorder in coping with symptoms, overcoming negative emotions, and learning healthier behaviors. In order to achieve these types of therapeutic goals, the therapist and client will work together to collaborate on a treatment plan. This plan is used to document goals, steps that will be taken to achieve these goals  and progress. Although approaching treatment planning may be undertaken less formally, sometimes the therapist will use a document that may be signed by both client and therapist and kept in the clients file to be reevaluated at a later date. Treatment plans can vary depending on the type of documentation used by the clinic you are attending. For instance, some therapists will have a formal typed document for the client to review and sign, while others may handwrite the document in session with the client. Regardless of the therapist’s preferences or requirements, the treatment plan is used to maintain a record of progress. It can help keep the therapist and client accountable and on the same page, determine what is working, guide the course of therapy, and ensure the client is getting the most out of therapy. This plan is also often presented to the client’s insurance provider to document the progress and services provided. The treatment plan will outline several aspects of the therapy process: Presenting issues, goals and objectives, interventions and strategies, and an approximate time frame for completing the treatment plan goals. The presenting issues are typically first on the treatment plan and are used to describe the client’s specific problems that he/she would like to change. Each of the presenting problems is matched with specific goals. The treatment plan is typically limited to about 2 to 3 measurable and realistic goals, each with several accompanying objectives. The interventions are the techniques that the therapist will utilize to help the client reach his/her goals. The strategies describe how the client will take action both in and out of the therapy sessions towards achieving the desired goals. Each goal will have an estimated time in which  it may be obtained. The therapist will set this time frame to review goals, which often occurs at a minimum of once every three months. At that time, the therapist and client review each goal and decide which have been accomplished, which may still need some more time to be achieved, and if any additional goals are needed to be added to the treatment plan. Reviewing goals frequently will ensure that they are still relevant to the client’s needs and can keep therapy on track. Panic Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Example Treatment Plan Melissa was referred to psychotherapy by her family physician due to chronic anxiety, stress, and other panic-like symptoms. Her doctor diagnosed her with panic disorder and prescribed medication to decrease her anxiety symptoms and panic attacks. Melissa reports that her panic attacks are impacting her overall functioning and feelings of self-worth. She hopes that therapy will assist her in feeling calmer and controlling her symptoms. Presenting Issues: Difficulty managing stress, anxiety, and panic attacks; experiencing low self-esteem. Goal #1: Melissa will develop ways to manage anxiety and panic attacks so that these symptoms are no longer affecting her functioning, as measured by tracking her self-reports of panic attacks and anxiety. Objective #1a: Melissa will track her symptoms using a mood and anxiety chart. Objective #1b: Melissa will continue to follow-up with her doctor’s prescription plan, taking her medication for panic attacks as directed by her doctor. Objective #1c: Melissa will learn to identify her symptoms and recognize triggers by monitoring her experiences using a panic attack diary. Objective #1d: Melissa will learn coping strategies to reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. Interventions/Strategies Individual therapy to learn about the physical symptoms of panic and anxiety, stress management techniques, and relaxation skills, including deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, and visualization.Homework assignments between sessions will consist of practicing relaxation techniques and tracking mood, anxiety, triggers, and symptoms.Medication management. Goal #2: Melissa will improve her self-esteem, as measured by obtaining a higher score on a self-esteem assessment tool. Objective #2a: Melissa will learn about healthy versus low self-esteem, including possible contributing factors to her poor self-esteem. Objective #2b: Melissa will learn to identify and replace her negative thoughts and self-defeating beliefs that are contributing to her symptoms. Objective #2c: Melissa will build on her social support network to overcome feelings of isolation and build upon her sense of self-worth. Interventions/Strategies Individual therapy to gain a better understanding of self-esteem issues, learn about her cognitive distortions, become knowledgeable in cognitive restructuring, role-playing social interactions, and obtaining resources for additional social support.Group therapy to build on social skills and assertiveness, work through feelings of loneliness, and boost self-image.Homework assignments to continue to improve self-esteem outside of therapy sessions. Estimated Time Frame: 3 months

Understanding the Panic Disorder Treatment Plan

Understanding the Panic Disorder Treatment Plan Panic Disorder Treatment Print Understanding the Panic Disorder Treatment Plan By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 06, 2019 Getty Images Credit: sturti More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions Psychotherapy is one of the most common treatment options for people living with mental illness. Many panic disorder sufferers will decide to go to therapy to assist in dealing with difficult emotions, building coping techniques, and managing symptoms. If you determine that therapy is the right treatment option for your needs, you will work with your therapist and follow a recommended treatment plan. This plan will be used as your map or guide on the road towards recovery. The following provides information to help you understand more about the panic disorder treatment plan. Treatment Plan for Panic Disorder Attending therapy can assist a person with panic disorder in coping with symptoms, overcoming negative emotions, and learning healthier behaviors. In order to achieve these types of therapeutic goals, the therapist and client will work together to collaborate on a treatment plan. This plan is used to document goals, steps that will be taken to achieve these goals  and progress. Although approaching treatment planning may be undertaken less formally, sometimes the therapist will use a document that may be signed by both client and therapist and kept in the clients file to be reevaluated at a later date. Treatment plans can vary depending on the type of documentation used by the clinic you are attending. For instance, some therapists will have a formal typed document for the client to review and sign, while others may handwrite the document in session with the client. Regardless of the therapist’s preferences or requirements, the treatment plan is used to maintain a record of progress. It can help keep the therapist and client accountable and on the same page, determine what is working, guide the course of therapy, and ensure the client is getting the most out of therapy. This plan is also often presented to the client’s insurance provider to document the progress and services provided. The treatment plan will outline several aspects of the therapy process: Presenting issues, goals and objectives, interventions and strategies, and an approximate time frame for completing the treatment plan goals. The presenting issues are typically first on the treatment plan and are used to describe the client’s specific problems that he/she would like to change. Each of the presenting problems is matched with specific goals. The treatment plan is typically limited to about 2 to 3 measurable and realistic goals, each with several accompanying objectives. The interventions are the techniques that the therapist will utilize to help the client reach his/her goals. The strategies describe how the client will take action both in and out of the therapy sessions towards achieving the desired goals. Each goal will have an estimated time in which  it may be obtained. The therapist will set this time frame to review goals, which often occurs at a minimum of once every three months. At that time, the therapist and client review each goal and decide which have been accomplished, which may still need some more time to be achieved, and if any additional goals are needed to be added to the treatment plan. Reviewing goals frequently will ensure that they are still relevant to the client’s needs and can keep therapy on track. Panic Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Example Treatment Plan Melissa was referred to psychotherapy by her family physician due to chronic anxiety, stress, and other panic-like symptoms. Her doctor diagnosed her with panic disorder and prescribed medication to decrease her anxiety symptoms and panic attacks. Melissa reports that her panic attacks are impacting her overall functioning and feelings of self-worth. She hopes that therapy will assist her in feeling calmer and controlling her symptoms. Presenting Issues: Difficulty managing stress, anxiety, and panic attacks; experiencing low self-esteem. Goal #1: Melissa will develop ways to manage anxiety and panic attacks so that these symptoms are no longer affecting her functioning, as measured by tracking her self-reports of panic attacks and anxiety. Objective #1a: Melissa will track her symptoms using a mood and anxiety chart. Objective #1b: Melissa will continue to follow-up with her doctor’s prescription plan, taking her medication for panic attacks as directed by her doctor. Objective #1c: Melissa will learn to identify her symptoms and recognize triggers by monitoring her experiences using a panic attack diary. Objective #1d: Melissa will learn coping strategies to reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. Interventions/Strategies Individual therapy to learn about the physical symptoms of panic and anxiety, stress management techniques, and relaxation skills, including deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, and visualization.Homework assignments between sessions will consist of practicing relaxation techniques and tracking mood, anxiety, triggers, and symptoms.Medication management. Goal #2: Melissa will improve her self-esteem, as measured by obtaining a higher score on a self-esteem assessment tool. Objective #2a: Melissa will learn about healthy versus low self-esteem, including possible contributing factors to her poor self-esteem. Objective #2b: Melissa will learn to identify and replace her negative thoughts and self-defeating beliefs that are contributing to her symptoms. Objective #2c: Melissa will build on her social support network to overcome feelings of isolation and build upon her sense of self-worth. Interventions/Strategies Individual therapy to gain a better understanding of self-esteem issues, learn about her cognitive distortions, become knowledgeable in cognitive restructuring, role-playing social interactions, and obtaining resources for additional social support.Group therapy to build on social skills and assertiveness, work through feelings of loneliness, and boost self-image.Homework assignments to continue to improve self-esteem outside of therapy sessions. Estimated Time Frame: 3 months

The State Is The Pinnacle Of Civilization - 1600 Words

Officer Wilson was found not guilty through an extensive grand jury investigation. This process is one of many afforded to citizens of the state. There are many elements that make up the state laws being one of the many facets. Many would argue that the state is the pinnacle of civilization. How the state started has been debated by many political theorists more specifically Aristotle and Thomas Hobbes. At least one thousand years separates these two thinkers, but both have postulated the formation of the state and its contribution to different entities one being the relationship between the individual. Each of their works, Politics and The Leviathan outline differing viewpoints on the formation and the purpose of the state and its importance to politics and government. The highest form of human civilization for Aristotle is the city-state. A city-state is the highest form of partnership. There are other partnerships in the city-state such as the relationship between man and woman, master and slave. What is important is that these relationships strive to achieve some good. Therefore, the city-state with its collection of relationships is the highest form of good. Aristotle reiterates this idea when he states, â€Å"every state is a community of some kind, and ever community is established with a view of some good† (Book I, Chp.1). These partnerships help secure a human being self-sufficiency. Just as a city-state is a collection of smaller partnerships, politics isShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On The Edict Of Milan873 Words   |  4 Pages After the fascinating discoveries from Marco Polo, another event that was significant throughout Western Civilization is the Edict of Milan. The Edict of Milan was a declaration that permanently established religious tolerance for Christianity within the Roman Empire. 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Taking a Look at Teenage Depression - 585 Words

Depression is a very common mental illness among teens now-a-days specially girls. It is the feeling you get when the world seems to be coming to an end but how could the world end for teens that are just at the beginning of their life? Most adults underestimate the feelings of sadness that teenagers feel. They don’t understand what these teenagers are going through and they don’t see it as a real problem, but what they don’t know is that it’s actually a huge problem among a lot of teens right now. So what is teenage depression? â€Å"Teen depression is a serious medical problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. It affects how your teen thinks, feels and behaves, and it can cause emotional, functional and physical problems.† Depression is the feeling when you are surrounded by a lot of people but still feel lonely, when you blame yourself for everything going wrong around you, when you can’t cope with the world and just want to end your life. Depression is when you feel like there’s nothing ahead of you. It is when you feel you’re never good enough. Depression is when you feel like an outcast, no matter how many friends you have. Depression is not about telling people you have it, depression is undetectable in many ways. People who are depressed will never let you know they are depressed. They are masters at hiding their feeling and putting on a fake smile. Depression is not something you can just get over. 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Marketing Plannig for Hup Seng Company Assignment

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1)1.0 Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 3 2)2.0 Situation Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 4 2.1 Company Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Page 4-7 2.2 Macro-environmental PEST analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 8-11 2.3 Market Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page12-13 2.4 Competitor Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Page 14-17 2.5 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 18-20 3) 3.0 Market Targeting and Positioning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page21 3.1Target Market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page21-22 3.2 Product Positioning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page 23-24 4) 4.0 Marketing†¦show more content†¦Once the analysis has been evaluated, there have some key factors that used for marketing planning. In phases 2, we conduct a simple research to obtain the information though online internet. Our group uses the sources to gain the knowledge and understand what kind of strategy that HupSengcame out and understand the management teams even the financial performance. In the conclusion, we implement some of the strategic for Hup Seng to improve on their performance. Due to this condition, the quality of biscuits will be judged by the appearance of the goods. Therefore, we would like to explain in detail in this marketing plan 2.0 Situation Analysis 2.1 Company Analysis of HupSeng Industries Berhad HupSeng Industries Berhad (HSIB) is a Malaysia-based investment holding company. Through its subsidiaries, the company is occupied in the manufacture and sales of biscuits and coffee mix, and traders in biscuits, confectionery and other foodstuff. Its subsidiaries are HupSeng Perusahaan Makanan (M) Sdn. Bhd., HupSengHoon Yong Brothers Sdn. Bhd., and In-Comix Food Industries Sdn. Bhd. HupSeng Perusahaan Makanan (M) Sdn. Bhd., which is engaged in the manufacture and sales of biscuits. Established in 1958, it is one of Malaysias leading biscuit manufacturers with many accumulated outstanding achievements. In recognition of HupSengs stringent quality management system, the company was awarded the prestigious MS ISO 9002

My Diary On Tom Robinsons Case Essay Example For Students

My Diary On Tom Robinson?s Case Essay Now that I am looking back on Tom Robinsons court case, I have seen what my decision has done to my family and I have heard what my friends and neighbors have to say about the ordeal. If I could go back in time, I would still make the decision to defend Tom Robinson. This decision is backed by many reasons of logic and my morals. Many decisions people make are decided on what suits themselves, they do not think of other people and how it may affect them or show them what is right and what is wrong. I believe that defending Tom Robinson was the correct, moral action to take. If I did not take this case, I could never look at my children again (Lee 88). Many people say that I am a disgrace to the family for taking the case (Lee 83), however, I see it a little differently. In my eyes, I would be disgracing the family for not taking the case because it would not be just not to defend Tom Robinson since I knew that he was innocent. Throughout the trial, I believed (and still do) that Mayellas father, Bob Ewell, beat her (Lee 187). When I cross-examined Mayella, I tried to get her to admit to this, but she still insisted that Tom Robinson raped her (Lee 187-188). If a person would look at the evidence on hand, they would know that this was not the case. First of all, Toms left arm was crippled from being caught in a cotton gin (Lee 186). Considering the fact that she was bruised and beat on the right side of the face, this was not possibly an action from Tom. However, Bob Ewell was l eft handed, meaning that when he was hitting Mayella, he hit her along the right side of the face (Lee 177). Second of all, Tom was only trying to help Mayella with her chores around the house because no one else in the family would help her (Lee 191). Thirdly, why on this particular day, November 21st, were the children out of the house? Mayella told Tom that she had saved money for a whole year so she could treat them to ice cream (Lee 193). Also on that day, she asked him to come inside for the first time to fix the door hinges that did not need to be fixed (Lee 193). As stated by Tom, She sorta jumped on meshe hugged meshe reached up an kissed me side of th face. She says she never kissed a grown man before an she might as well kiss a nigger. (Lee194). Finally, why would somebody not call a doctor? When I asked Heck Tate this question, he replied, Well I can tell you why I didnt. It wasnt necessary, Mr. Finch. She was mighty banged up. Something sho happened, it was obvious. (Le e 167). In any case like this were there may be rape charges, a doctor should be called to clarify that the person had in fact been raped. When this case was finished, I was walking down the street when Bob Ewell approached me and spit in my face while threatening me (Lee 217). On Halloween night, he went way too far, he tried to kill my children (Lee 261-262). When he threatened me, I could handle it, but my children are different. Even if he was not finished with me, I would never of thought he would go after my Jem and Scout (Lee 269). This attempt of murder scared me, but at least they escaped with a few minor injuries. I believe that I made the right decision even though all of the terrible things that happened were a result from taking on the case. This case has made Jem and Scout stronger and has taught them to fight for what they believe in, even if it would bring hardships. In the end of this ordeal, Scout learned what I meant when I said that to really know somebody you have to walk in his or her shoes (Lee 279), which is a very important life lesson for anybody of any age. Jem and Scout also learned not to ju dge a person by his or her skin color, but by his or her heart. .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3 , .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3 .postImageUrl , .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3 , .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3:hover , .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3:visited , .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3:active { border:0!important; } .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3:active , .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3 .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7924583b93797afc3786cec2a1e8dea3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Current Moral and Social Issues Essay

Business online security

Introduction The original makers of the internet did not intend it to be a place where business transactions would take place. However, many businesses have turned to the internet as a means of conducting financial transactions and advertising given its ease of access. With money changing hands so easily over the internet, thieves are constantly coming up with ways of stealing crucial information like credit card numbers and other personal information. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business online security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the big question remains; is the internet safe for any business transaction? It could be, but the involved parties must take all the necessary precautions to prevent internet fraud on its part as well as their customer’s. Risks Involved There are numerous risks for business especially small ones that choose to transact online. One such risk is identity thef t, this is the crime involved when a person steals another’s personal identification information be it their credit card number, social security number or their ATM PIN (Miller, 2008, p.3). The stolen information can then be used against the victim as a means of blackmail, for industrial espionage or even to gain access to his or her financial accounts. Tactics used in executing identity theft are important to understand as they form the basis of creating adequate security while online. They include phishing where one is mislead by genuine looking sites to give away personal information, Spyware which are small program hidden and running in the computer that gives away one’s information and even hacking where the criminal hacks into your system and steals your information (Baskin Piltzecker, 2006, p.80). The others are email interception and wi-fi data sniffing especially in public hotspots. The other risk is tampering where the victim has his data compromised throu gh various means such as viruses, worms, Trojans or even directly. This can be used by a competitor to destroy the reputation of the victim or simply gain advantage over him or her in business. In light of these risks, it is important to take necessary precautions to prevent internet fraud. Solutions There are several precautions one can take to safeguard themselves against online attacks. For a business considering going online the first thing should be to understand their security concerns then come up with a security plan (Reuvid, 2005, p. 4). The next thing should be to ensure the computers are well protected using regularly updated anti-virus and anti-spyware programs. Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, having a firewall is essential in blocking most of the hackers and unwanted sites. Even though these might be expensive to implement a small to medium business cannot afford the loss that they prevent. Another precaution that cannot be overemphasized is the use of passwords, these should be long (about eight characters) and consist of numbers, lower and uppercase letters and special characters (Sinclair, 2007, p.264). Dictionary words are insecure as programs exist to reveal such passwords. Finally, when browsing the internet: Do not follow links given in emails even if they seem genuine and do not download files and applications from suspicious websites. A security plan that takes all these precautions into considerations should be adhered to strictly. Conclusion Online threats to businesses are a reality but also is the technology that has been developed to counter it. I think that since all businesses involve risks then there is no point being deterred from going online just because of the threats involved. Businesses need to develop a plausible security for the success of online transactions with limited risks. Reference List Baskin, B., Piltzec ker, T. (2006). Combating Spyware in the Enterprise. Rockland: Syngress Publishers. Miller, M. (2008). Is It Safe?: Protecting Your Computer, Your Business, and Yourself Online. New York: Que Publishing. Reuvid, J. (2005). The Secure Online Business Handbook:. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Sinclair, J. T. (2007). EBay Business the Smart Way: Maximize your Profits on the Web’s #1 Auction Site. New York: AMACOM publishers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business online security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Business online security was written and submitted by user Allen B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Roman Catholic Stand On Abortion

Roman Catholic Stand on Abortion Throughout history till the present day abortion has developed into a worldwide issue. Today’s society has been placed into specific categories: â€Å"pro-choice† or â€Å"pro-life.† It has been known for various pro-choice individual’s to take vigorous stands against those whom participate in the actual procedure of abortion, seeing abortion an act of murder. And there are those who take the pro-choice stand on abortion, basically more timid compared to the pro-lifer’s. Many individuals who have strong Catholic surroundings find abortion confusing when faced with the choice. Within the Roman Catholic denomination abortion is disapproved among women in the Catholic faith. But in the United States, â€Å"64% of Catholics disapprove of the statement that abortion is morally wrong in every case†(1). Catholicism has taken many stands against abortion and formed numerous questions in order to form some sort of defense. This issue of abort ion gives raise to such questions as: When does life begin? To what right does the women have to an abortion? Who decides whether abortion is morally wrong? I will explain the historical and systematic viewpoints of the Roman Catholic Church on their ongoing debate regarding abortion. In the early years of Christianity, moving away from paganism, debated over abortion existed then as it did now. Theologians throughout time debated whether abortion was morally correct by Christian standards. St. Augustine, one of the most important key theologians in Catholic history began the debate over abortion during his time. St. Augustine (354-430 AD.) began his position on abortion explaining those who have intercourse only (sola) for the wish to have children do not sin, whereas those who mix pleasure with sex, even if sex with one’s spouse, commits a sin. What he found worse than pleasure in sex was the prevention of pregnancy. He was careful to distinguish b... Free Essays on Roman Catholic Stand On Abortion Free Essays on Roman Catholic Stand On Abortion Roman Catholic Stand on Abortion Throughout history till the present day abortion has developed into a worldwide issue. Today’s society has been placed into specific categories: â€Å"pro-choice† or â€Å"pro-life.† It has been known for various pro-choice individual’s to take vigorous stands against those whom participate in the actual procedure of abortion, seeing abortion an act of murder. And there are those who take the pro-choice stand on abortion, basically more timid compared to the pro-lifer’s. Many individuals who have strong Catholic surroundings find abortion confusing when faced with the choice. Within the Roman Catholic denomination abortion is disapproved among women in the Catholic faith. But in the United States, â€Å"64% of Catholics disapprove of the statement that abortion is morally wrong in every case†(1). Catholicism has taken many stands against abortion and formed numerous questions in order to form some sort of defense. This issue of abort ion gives raise to such questions as: When does life begin? To what right does the women have to an abortion? Who decides whether abortion is morally wrong? I will explain the historical and systematic viewpoints of the Roman Catholic Church on their ongoing debate regarding abortion. In the early years of Christianity, moving away from paganism, debated over abortion existed then as it did now. Theologians throughout time debated whether abortion was morally correct by Christian standards. St. Augustine, one of the most important key theologians in Catholic history began the debate over abortion during his time. St. Augustine (354-430 AD.) began his position on abortion explaining those who have intercourse only (sola) for the wish to have children do not sin, whereas those who mix pleasure with sex, even if sex with one’s spouse, commits a sin. What he found worse than pleasure in sex was the prevention of pregnancy. He was careful to distinguish b...

Major Factors Influencing the Fast Moving Consumer Goods Dissertation

Major Factors Influencing the Fast Moving Consumer Goods - Dissertation Example According to the statistics, the country improved its net worth of FMCG from an initial $884 million in 2008 to $1 billion in 2011 (Iheduru, 2012). There is high competition in this sector, and this explains why majority of foreign-based firms have become interested in the Nigerian market. Many factors account for this scenario experienced in the Nigerian FMCG market. For example, strong economic growth, relatively political stability, and increased consumerism in the country can explain why FMCG market continues to expand in Nigeria. Nevertheless, the sector has not been immune to challenges, which tend to reverse the gains made in the sector. Some of the challenges arise from insecurity issues, political uncertainties in terms of post-election violence, infrastructural impediment, structural and regulatory bottlenecks, and distribution inefficiency (Iheduru, 2012). Therefore, it is in this state of lack of clarity that information has to be sought regarding Nigeria’s FMCG se ctor, and identify specific factors enhancing the growth of FMCG sector. FMCGs Industry Most literatures depict FMCGs industry to be concerned with production, distribution, and marketing of packaged products to diverse group of consumers. Various factors have been explored, which are perceived to have direct or indirect role in the development and sustenance of FMCG industry. Many of these factors can be categorized as both internal and external and have to do with general business environment (Paul, 2010). Therefore, some of the identified factors, which have made the industry blossom include the cost of operations estimated to be low, availability and utilization of efficient and effective distribution networks, the increasing competition in the sector that motivate many players, and the increasing number of people in different countries has also enhanced consumerism (Paul, 2010). These factors can be used to explain the Nigerian scenario, but other micro-aspects found in the country have to be investigated. In order to find out which specific factors have contribute d to progress of FMCGs industry in Nigeria, survey is conducted on a number of FMCGs in the country and analysis of generated resulted will be undertaken. The understanding is that, effective analysis of the results will clearly show which factors and to what level they have contributed to grow of FMCGs in Nigeria. How FMCGs companies in Nigeria try to build on their market share Increasing market share is one of the critical aspects players in the FMCGs industry try to achieve. Given that it was earlier identified that competition in FMCGs sector is increasing, the participants have innovated diverse methods and strategies to stay ahead of the rest. In other words, achieving competitive advantage and remaining in a win-win situation requires market participants (sellers) to identify the most appropriate and best strategies. For example, earlier studies that have been done have shown that, in order to create and increase market share, FMCGs firms adopt some of the following market s trategies. The firms innovate and market strong product brands as compared to their competitors (Gough 2004). Product brand is one of the most frequently and thoroughly used strategy by FMCGs firms to identify, penetrate, and control markets in different regions in which they operate. By owning and promoting strong brands, firms are able to resonate well with a particular market niche, which subsequently leads to increase in market share, a fact

Professional goals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Professional goals - Assignment Example I established that the process has to be carefully managed if I am to fit into practice. Fitting in is quite difficult given the experience that I had during my placement. Fitting-in is a complex process requiring support from peers and the experienced nurses. However, I believe that with the correct mindset and determination together with support from experienced nurses, I can manage the transition. Duchscher (2008) argues that the graduate nurse is usually faced with a reality shock that comes from the discrepancy between what the draduate nurse has learnt in the classroom and what is actual or real in a health care setting. The graduate nurse in this case feels a sense of groundlessness. The resulting problems include anxiety insecurityand a feeling of inadequacy . Dyess and Sherman (2009) says that the problem is even more serious today because of the fact that the graduate nurse can take the licensure examination moments after graduation and enter into practice as a fully regist ered nurse in a matter of weeks. This is different from the earlier case where graduate nurses would get a temporary licence as they work with experienced nurses for a few months. According to Cubit and Ryan (2011), the situation is not completely out of hand and can be mitigated through proper support programs especially through Graduate Nurse Programs (GNP) that are provided by the health care organizations. This strategy will only be effective if it is not approached from an inculturation approach but rather a support and socialization approach in order to help the graduate nurse to fit in the system. I realized that it was not possible to do it on my own by moving straight into practice as I had little knowledge on the transition process and I was not aware about the graduate nursing programs available in my hospital setting. I would be in a better position if I developed the following †¢Reading more on the topic †¢Asking about other people’s experiences in orde r to learn from them †¢Find out the graduate nursing programs available at the hospital †¢Establish factors that contributed to my inability to fit-in and seek ways of mitigating them In order to know whether I gained from the learning or not, I will look at: †¢My transition process and establish whether it was successful or not †¢My knowledge of the transition process and if I can help others go through it †¢My understanding of the hospital graduate nurse programs The Nurse as a leader A leader is a person who is always looked at by others to provide guidance in situations of need. Being a leader is not a simple process and requires that one has an understanding of various issues around him or her and the people around him/her. I think that being a leader has to do with skills and capabilities that one has. It is thus not possible for anyone to be a leader. Leadership as a nurse is crucial in order to enhance patient care. I observed this during my placemen t as I got to understand what roles and responsibilities a nurse leader undertakes and how to effectively handle leadership roles. Nursing leadership is not a recent phenomenon. It is something that has been discussed for a while now (Stanley and Sherratt, 2010). The benefit of nursing leadership is seen in activities such as administration, education,

Marian Halcombe Between Genders And Gender Roles

Marian Halcombe Between Genders And Gender Roles According to Lyn Pykett most of Collinss novels explored the way in which gender roles were constructed, and, at the same time, explored various pressures for and anxieties about changes in gender roles in the mid-nineteenth century (2005: 128) and offered a critique of the class and gender hierarchies of Victorian society (2005: 223). The Woman in White is one of those novels to which Pykett referred to and Collins uses his unconventional heroine Marian Halcombe to serve his purposes. In this chapter I want to show that Marians unconventionality resides in the way she looks and behaves and that this allows Collins to challenge gender roles and that she is used to blur gender boundaries. The novel begins with Walter Hartrights words This is the story of what a Womans patience can endure, and what a Mans resolution can achieve. (Collins 1) After a first reading of the novel these words will prove he is an unreliable narrator at least, if not a man who consciously wants to mislead the readers into thinking that a woman is only passive and must endure and that only a man is strong and capable of great deeds, when this is not always the case, especially in this novel. I say this because throughout the novel there are male characters that must have patience and endure and female characters that are resolute and active. For instance, Sir Percival must have patience if he wants to get in possession of his wifes money and Count Fosco constantly reminds him of that patience, Percival -patience. Youre always talking of patience' (Collins 285). Marian Halcombe, although a woman, has resolution Miss Halcombe cut the knot of the little embarrassment forthwith, in her resolute, d ownright way (Collins 42) and throughout the novel her resolution will recommend her as a powerful woman as I will show later on in this chapter. His words can be interpreted as reflecting the Victorian ideology of the separate gender roles for women and men. However, I argue that these words are not fully illustrative for the content of the novel and for its characters because of Marian Halcombe and what she represents in the economy of the novel. What she does shows that a woman is not always patient and enduring but can be also resolute. Marian Halcome whose far more interesting character represents the only significant variation on business-as-usual in the novels gynaeceum (Miller 176) is portrayed from the beginning of the novel as being between the genders in the sense that her physical description shows she is both masculine and feminine (Pykett 2005:126). From her description it can be seen that at this point in the narrative that her femininity resides in the beauty of her body and her masculinity in the traits of her face. Walter Hartright describes her and his contradictory reactions thus Her figure was tall, yet not too tall; comely and well-developed, yet not fat; her head set on her shoulders with an easy, pliant firmness; her waist, perfection in the eyes of a man (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) The ladys complexion was almost swarthy, and the dark down on her upper lip was almost a moustache She had a large, firm, masculine mouth and jaw; prominent, piercing, resolute brown eyes; and thick, coal-black hair, growing unusually low down on her forehead (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)To see such a face as this set on shoulders that a sculptor would have longed to modelto be charmed by the modest graces of action through which the symmetrical limbs betrayed their beauty when they moved, and then to be almost repelled by the masculine form and masculine look of the features in which the perfectly shaped figure endedwas to feel a sensation oddly akin to the helpless discomfort familiar to us all in sleep, when we recognise yet cannot reconcile the anomalies and contradictions of a dream. (Collins 24-25) As Sophia Andres well remarks Walters conventional expectation of femininity is unsettled by the disjunction of femininity with masculinity (371) when he first sees Marian and his reaction could have been the reaction of any other Victorian that had fixed conceptions about the way a woman had to look like but I argue that Collins mocked in a way the gendered expectations of Victorians when he created Marian and showed that women are not all the same and that masculinity can characterize a woman too and not only a man. Her sister Laura makes an indirect remark about her masculine face when she returns from her honeymoon and exclaims that she missed her own dear, dark, clever, gipsy-face (Collins 188). Talking about Marians description Valerie Pedlar notes that Walter finds himself face to face with a lady who is not at all easy to categorize and who falls outside conventional literary or social models (76) My opinion is that it is precisely because she cannot be categorized by the con ventional society of the age that she can be seen as expressing Collinss contempt for the Victorian gender norms and gender definitions. Apart from her masculine face she has other masculine physical traits of which she is aware My hands always were, and always will be, as awkward as a mans (Collins 204) because they are big. Another remark that she makes about herself and that implies she is aware of her masculinity is that made when she tries to stop herself from crying because she says My tears do not flow so easily as they ought they come almost like mens tears, with sobs that seem to tear me in pieces, and that frighten every one about me (Collins 144). When she makes choices about her personal items she intentionally highlights her masculine side because from Laura we learn that she has a horrid heavy mans umbrella with which she always would walk out with when it rained (Collins 188).Her personal choices like that of having a mans umbrella instead of a smaller womans umbrella show that she disregard the etiquette of the time and this furthermore implies that her wishes are more important for her than what other s think is right for a woman to do. One would think that a discussion about the fact that she has a heavy mans umbrella is not very illustrative for the subject of this chapter but the fact that it is heavy shows that Marian has physical strength and since women in that period were considered fragile mentally, morally and physically and she is a woman, again points to one conclusion: Victorian gender expectations are flouted. According to Carolyn Oulton her masculinity is initially signaled in the references to physical traits such as facial hair (84) but throughout the novel instances when she is seen as masculine and treated like if she were a man and when she behaves in a masculine way occur. Masculinity is associated with physical and mental strength and Marian possesses these qualities that lastly make those who know her realize she is unique. One of these persons is Eliza Michelson who said to Laura when she realized that Marian had disappeared from Blackwater Park despite the fact she was ill Remember, my lady, what surprising energy there is in Miss Halcombeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ She might well make an effort which other ladies in her situation would be unfit for (Collins 344). She is an extraordinary woman and without doubt people notice that. Count Fosco is surely the one person who most sees how different she is from other women and admires her despite all her masculine traits. He says to Percival when they talk about how to get in possession of Lauras money She is sharp enough to suspect something, and bold enough to come downstairs and listen, if she can get the chance. (Collins 285) Can you look at Miss Halcombe and not see that she has the foresight and the resolution of a man? With that woman for my friend I would snap these fingers of mine at the world. With that woman for my enemy, I, with all my brains and experienceI, Fosco, cunning as the devil himself, as you have told me a hundred timesI walk, in your English phrase, upon egg-shells! And this grand creatureI drink her health in my sugar-and-waterthis grand creature, who stands in the strength of her love and her courage, firm as a rock, between us two and that poor, flimsy, pretty blonde wife of yoursthis magnificent woman, whom I admire with all my soul, though I oppose her in your interests and in mine, you drive to extremities as if she was no sharper and no bolder than the rest of her sex. (Collins 291) He acknowledges her as a powerful enemy because she is resolute, courageous and intelligent as a man but he is also capable of seeing her as a feminine woman and this furthermore makes him admire her. After reading her diary he states Admirable woman! I allude to Miss Halcombe. Stupendous effort! I refer to the Diary. Yes! These pages are amazing. The tact which I find here, the discretion, the rare courage, the wonderful power of memory, the accurate observation of character, the easy grace of style, the charming outbursts of womanly feeling, have all inexpressibly increased my admiration of this sublime creature, of this magnificent Marian (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Under happier circumstances how worthy I should have been of Miss Halcombehow worthy Miss Halcombe would have been of ME. The sentiments which animate my heart assure me that the lines I have just written express a Profound Truth. (Collins 302-303) He not only praises her for all that she is and does but he also seems to declare his love for her. He considers himself powerful, courageous as I am by nature (Collins 545) and intelligent and she being an unparalleled woman as he himself observed, could have been the perfect match for him precisely because of her strong nature. They are very much alike. She is the first and last weakness of Foscos life (Collins 556). What Collins seems to suggest through Count Foscos voice who does not blame Marian for not being as feminine as women have to be but on the contrary is that such atypical Victorian women as her should be acknowledged in their society although they undermine mens domination. Not only Count Fosco realizes that she has things in common with men and admires her. Walter Hartright says about her She caught me by both handsshe pressed them with the strong, steady grasp of a man à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ She stopped, drew me nearer to herthe fearless, noble creature (Collins 107). The same Count Fosco who talked about Marian in such admiring terms had talked previously in terms that express the mentality of the time about ways in which men can rule women and about resolution that is characteristic of men and that women cannot possess. After reading what he later on says about Marian and after all the instances when she uses her resolution it is clear that Marian does not fail in resolution and that again conventional ideas of the time do not fully apply in her case. Human ingenuity, my friend, has hitherto only discovered two ways in which a man can manage a woman. One way is to knock her downa method largely adopted by the brutal lower orders of the people, but utterly abhorrent to the refined and educated classes above them. The other way (much longer, much more difficult, but in the end not less certain) is never to accept a provocation at a womans hands. It holds with animals, it holds with children, and it holds with women, who are nothing but children grown up. Quiet resolution is the one quality the animals, the children, and the women all fail in. If they can once shake this superior quality in their master, they get the better of HIM. If they can never succeed in disturbing it, he gets the better of THEM (Collins 291) Although Marian has manly impulses like that of hitting Sir Percival I started to my feet as suddenly as if he had struck me. If I had been a man, I would have knocked him down on the threshold of his own door, and have left his house, never on any earthly consideration to enter it again. But I was only a womanand I loved his wife so dearly! (Collins 218) and Count Fosco, My hands tingled to strike him, as if I had been a man! (Collins 495) she refrains herself because she knows that a violent act would do her no good as she is in neither cases in the position of gaining anything from hitting them. Often, her transgressions of gender roles are made with the purpose of protecting her sister and in the first case if she strikes Sir Percival she risks being thrown out from his house leaving her sister unprotected from his villainies and in the second case the situation is the same, she risks leaving her sister unprotected and alone as Walter is not in the city to stay with her. With all her transgressions her options as a woman are limited and being a man would have certainly opened up more possibilities for her. When she arrives at Blackwater Park she waits impatiently for her sisters arrival from her honeymoon and she affirms If I only had the privileges of a man, I would order out Sir Percivals best horse instantly, and tear away on a night-gallop, eastward, to meet the rising sun () Being, however, nothing but a woman, condemned to patience, propriety, and petticoats for life, I must respect the house- keepers opinions, and try to compose myself in some feeble and feminine way. (Collins 174) The last sentence describes the condition of middle-class women in Victorian England, condemned to a domestic existence but these are not necessarily her own words expressing her beliefs and opinions because she says that she must respect the housekeepers opinions and the fact that she mentions this thing makes me interpret what she says as being the ironical rendering of the housekeepers words. Marian is glad when some people around her, for example Count Fosco, see her masculine side and treat her differently than they would treat a conventional Victorian woman He flatters my vanity by talking to me as seriously and sensibly as if I was a man (Collins 197). Not all who meet her treat her like Count Fosco and there is an amusing moment with a school teacher that thinks she is as traditional Victorian woman, therefore weak and who tries to protect her from a shock. Instead of being grateful she is ironical and the answer to his attitude shows that she is not satisfied when people treat her as a weak woman I beg your pardon, Miss Halcombe, interposed the school-master a little uneasilybut I think you had better not question the boy. The obstinate folly of his story is beyond all belief; and you might lead him into ignorantly- Ignorantly what? inquired Miss Halcombe sharply. Ignorantly shocking your feelings, said Mr. Dempster, looking very much discomposed. Upon my word, Mr. Dempster, you pay my feelings a great compliment in thinking them weak enough to be shocked by such an urchin as that! She turned with an air of satirical defiance to little Jacob, and began to question him directly. (Collins 72- 73) On the other hand, although she is not satisfied when people think she is a weak person she herself has moments of weakness. Those moments attest she is feminine too. After the discussion with Laura, during which Laura said she was going to marry Sir Percival after all, she starts to cry The tearsmiserable, weak, womens tears of vexation and rage started to my eyes. She smiled sadly, and put her handkerchief over my face to hide for me the betrayal of my own weaknessthe weakness of all others which she knew that I most despised (Collins 159). She despises weak people and tries to hide her own weakness. She tends to believe that it is the fact that she is only a woman (Collins 529) and has a womans body that makes her weak and that this weakness is not representative for who she really is inside. Her femininity is not as accentuated as her masculinity but without a doubt it is a part of who she is too and she learns to accept it. After she moves with Laura and Walter she has to take c are of the household and she says to Walter What a womans hands ARE fit for, she said, early and late, these hands of mine shall do. They trembled as she held them out (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) the unquenchable spirit of the woman burnt bright in her even yet. I saw the big tears rise thick in her eyes, and fall slowly over her cheeks as she looked at me. She dashed them away with a touch of her old energy, and smiled with a faint reflection of her old good spirits. Dont doubt my courage, Walter, she pleaded, its my weakness that cries, not ME. The house-work shall conquer it if I cant. (Collins 390) Although moments like the one mentioned in the last paragraph that show her femininity are not as many as those that show her masculinity they exist in the novel. For example, in the beginning of the novel Walter is shocked to see she has masculine qualities and he expects her to have an inexpressive facial expression like that of a man and to have the voice of a man too but he is pleased to see that her dark face lighting up with a smile, and softening and growing womanly the moment she began to speak (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) These odd words of welcome were spoken in a clear, ringing, pleasant voice (Collins 25). Also, she dresses in a feminine way. Walter notices when he looks at her, Mrs. Vesey and Laura that she is richly clad with delicate primrose-yellow colour which matches so well with a dark complexion and black hair (Collins 44). When she prepares to spy on Count Fosco and Sir Percival she says that A complete change in my dress was imperatively necessary for many reasons () In my ordinary evening costume I took up the room of three men at least (Collins 287). When Walter asks her if she would write to him after he leaves Limmeridge House her dark eyes glitteredher brown complexion flushed deepthe force and energy of her face glowed and grew beautiful with the pure inner light of her generosity and her pity (Collins 107) showing that despite her masculine face she is capable of having womanly feelings. Another moment when her femininity is revealed is when she talks with Walter about telling Laura that her husband died and Walter notices that An unaccustomed tenderness trembled in her dark eyes and softened her firm lips, as she glanced aside at the empty chair in which the dear companion of all our joys and sorrows had been sitting (Collins 499). She has a robust physicality (Oulton 85) but her body has its limits and because of that she has to give up doing things despite herself like the moment when she wants to go and look for Laura after talking with Count Fosco who told her she does not have to sign Sir Percivals act my head was giddy and my knees trembled under me. There was no choice but to give it up again and return to the sofa, sorely against my will (Collins 244). The limitations of her body show again her femininity. From the beginning of the novel she makes mean and sarcastic remarks about women herself included. For example, she says to the puzzled Walter Hartright that How can you expect four women to dine together alone every day, and not quarrel? We are such fools, we cant entertain each other at table. You see I dont think much of my own sex, Mr. Hartright (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) no woman does think much of her own sex, although few of them confess it as freely as I do (Collins 25-26). Her words can be interpreted as showing her disappointment for the way women behave. I opinion that at the same they show she tends to have misogynistic views on women. Normally misogyny is associated with men and in this case her words furthermore show that she is masculine too. She observes his bewilderment and continues I will give you some tea to compose your spirits, and do all a woman can (which is very little, by-the-bye) to hold my tongue (Collins26) The irony is that she does not hold her tongue but on the contrary so her remark is somehow sarcastic attacking the ideology of separate gender roles. After she says this Walter remark that she was laughing gaily (Collins 26) so this sustains what I have just said. Other examples of remarks about women coming from her are Women cant draw-their minds are too flighty, and their eyes are too inattentive (Collins 27), Women, as everybody knows, constantly act on impulses which they cannot explain even to themselves (Collins 227) and Women can resist a mans love, a mans fame, a mans personal appearance, and a mans money, but they cannot resist a mans tongue when he knows how to talk to them ( Collins 228). According to Lyn Pykett she does not think much of either sex (Collins 126) and her affirmation is confirmed by Marians words about men No man under heaven deserves these sacrifices from us women (Collins 159). The same Lyn Pykett sustains that Collins uses Marians proto-feminist pronouncements and her active involvement in rescuing Laura and helping Walter to restore her half-sisters identity as a way of questioning and challenging current gender roles (Collins 126). In the light of the matters discussed in this chapter it is clear that these instances named by Pykett are not the only ones when Collins challenges gender roles. Another instance when gender roles are clearly challenged is when Marian disregards all the rules of proper womanly behaviour and spies on Count Fosco and Sir Percival staying on the roof of a verandah. Throughout the novel she is active and helps Walter not only by doing different activities that are not typical for a woman in the Victorian period but also by giving him advices that are helpful and that determine him to trust her. In an age when few middle-class women had the power to act against the gender norms and defy the hierarchy of gender roles of their society she is one such example of woman who behaves differently than expected and when for example she fails to express her opinion as she usually does people around her are astonished. Such a situation is when asked by Mr. Gilmore to say whether they should trust Sir Percival when he said that Anne Catherick was taken by him to the asylum with the permission of her mother she says nothing and his reaction is resolute, clear-minded Miss Halcombe was the very last person in the world whom I should have expected to find shrinking from the expression of an opinion of her own (Collins 117). According to Lilian Craton the dark and ugly qualities of Marians physical appearance defy the feminine ideal but enable her strong sense of individuality as do the masculine personality traits (133). I agree with her but I would also add that her feminine qualities should not be disregarded. Marian is not defined exclusively by the masculine but by the masculine and the feminine at the same time and the fact that she is a combination of these two is what make her unique. By presenting her as being between genders Collins subverts traditional Victorian gender definitions. She fails to comply with contemporary gender roles and as a consequence she affirms her individuality.

Vietnam Essay -- essays research papers

Prior to the start of our study of the Vietnam Era, I thought that I knew quite a bit about the Vietnam War and the overall time period. But after listening to some guest speakers and reading Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried, I discovered that I knew hardly anything, and that most of what I did know was pretty much insignificant. These past weeks were not only extremely educating, but it was also very interesting. I learned more than I ever thought I would, mostly through the people that know it best, those who lived through it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most important thing I learned about Vietnam and the time period in which it took place, is that it was so confusing. It seems as if nobody really knew what was going on or what they were supposed to be doing. It also seems that even the people who fought in the war didn't believe that our presence was right. They knew nothing about the terrain, the Vietnamese culture, or even how to fight the North Vietnamese. And when they thought that they had things somewhat under control and that they could kind of anticipate the North Vietnamese, the NVA changed everything with the TET offensive. So they ended up pretty much knowing nothing about anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war not only hard on the soldiers, but it was also hard on their loved ones. The hardest thing for those who were left behind was the waiting and the not knowing. Wives and parents didn't know whether their loved one were alive or dead...

Activity Planning, Level 3 Child Care

Activity Planning Sheet – – Name of the activity: Circle/story time. – The number of children involved: 7-8 children. – The age of the children that are taking part: 4-5 years. Area of Learning – This activity will make the children use their imagination, also this activity will get the children to concentrate as they will be thinking about a story to come up with. It will also help the children boost their confidence and their social skills.The early years foundation satge says that you should provide the children with activities that involve turn-taking and sharing in small groups. It also says that the aldut should explain to the children why it is important to pay attention when others are speaking. I think this is great for a circle time activity. Specific Learning Objectives – This activity is good for boosting the children's confidence in themselves and interacting with other children.The early years foundation stage say that adults sh ould provide regular opportunities for children to talk to a small group about something they are interested in or have done, i thought this would be a good idea as the children can put in their own experiences into the story they are making up. This will also encourage the children to listen to others. The main objective of this activity is to get the children to use their imagination, as they are very imaginative. Resources and Equipment –During my activity I'm going to use a small teddy bear for them to pass around the circle when the children are making up their own story, I think this is a good idea as the children will know that they can only talk when they are holding the bear which well help them to share things with other children. This will also help their concentration. While doing this activity I'm going to write down the story that they have made up so they can look back on it or show their parents. Special Considerations –When doing this activity I may co me across a child that is to shy to talk and that doesn't want to take part in the activity. Bringing in a small teddy bear that the children can hold when it's their turn will comfort them and it may even encourage them to take part in the activity. There might be a child in the group that only speak basic English, I'll need to take the child's feelings in to consideration and make sure during the activity I try and get the child involved as much as i can and use signs and facial expressions to help them understand what the story is about.I need to make sure that no one feels left out and that they all have fun. Health and safety – While doing the circle time activity with them i need to make sure that all the children aren't sitting close together in the circle as children get very excited when doing an activity that is fun, we need to prevent any accidents that may happen like bumping in to each other. What is the adult's role in this activity? -Make sure all the children are behaving well and being sensible. Observe the children and learn from the experience. -make sure they are all using appropriate language. -They're all learning at the best of their ability. -Give the children help with their language if they need it. -Be in charge of the group I'm working with and make sure that they are all taking part in the activity. -Give encouragement to all the children especially the children who don't want to take part. -Make sure you follow the activity plan and the schools policies. Make sure all the children have fun!

Compare and Contrast Tcp/Ip and Osi Models - 1528 Words

The two, OSI and TCP/IP are Standardized Protocol Architectures developed specifically for: 1. Devices to communicate 2. Vendors to have more marketable products 3. Customers to insist on standards based equipment The OSI is a reference model whilst TCP/IP is the suite which is the most widely used. Description of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI Model) Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) It is made up of seven layers and each layer: 1. performs a subset of the required communication functions 2. relies on the next lower layer to perform more primitive functions 3. provides services to the next higher layer 4. Changes in one layer should not require changes in other layers The layers can be†¦show more content†¦http, SMPT Relationship between OSI and TCP/IP Models Approach OSI Model TCP/IP Horizontal Approach Vertical Approach Asserts that distributed applications operate over a strict hierarchy of layers and are constructed from a common tool kit of standardized application service elements. In TCP/IP, each application entity is composed of whatever set of function it needs beyond end to end transport to support a distributed communications service. In OSI, each distributed application service selects functions from a large common â€Å"toolbox† of application service element (ASEs) and complements these with application service elements that perform functions specific to given end-user service Most of these application processes builds on what it needs and assumes only that an underlying transport mechanism (datagram or connection) will be provided. 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Unit 3 Assignment 1: Networking Models Review Course Objectives and Learning Outcomes Compare and contrast the OSI and TCP/IP models and their applications to actual networks. Explain the functionality and use of typical network protocols. Analyze network components and their primary functions in a typical data network from bothRead MoreComputer Network and Networking Essentials2234 Words   |  9 PagesLAN Technologies Copyright  © 2012, 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This foundational course covers local area network topics including rationale for networking, the open systems interconnection (OSI) model, common network topologies and architecture, client/server concepts, basic hardware devices and usage, and basic networking security concepts. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policiesRead MoreNT2799 Unit06 Oral Assessment Review4261 Words   |  18 PagesChallenging questions = 6 points each. Assessment Areas Topic 1: The Input /Output Process Topic 2: OSI Model Topic 3: SOHO Broadband Topic 4: TCP/IP Topic 5: Client-Server Topic 6: Windows Server Topic 7: Active Directory Topic 8: Universal Group Membership Caching and the Global Catalog Topic 9: General Programming Topic 10: Databases Topic 11: Linux Networking Topic 12: Routing Protocols Topic 13: IP Addressing Routing Topic 14: Information System Security Topic 15: Project Management Process Read MoreThe Osi Reference Model Inn A Data Communication Network1923 Words   |  8 Pages(a) explain the data encapsulation process in the OSI reference model inn a data communication network. Ans:- The way toward going data through the layers of the OSI is called epitome. A convention information unit is a parcel of data made by a PC and go starting with one layer of the OSI then onto the next. b). identify the advantages of layered approach of OSI reference model. 1) It is really non-specific model which is considered as a standard model. 2) It backings association situated and alsoRead MoreCapstone Review Essays2836 Words   |  12 Pagesisolate the driver via update, remove, install, etc. Topic 2 – OSI MODEL Level 1 – Definition 1. What is the OSI model? a. A brief explanation of the main purpose of the model: (Standardize the communication flow among various technologies and products by different manufactures). The 7 layers are: 7 Application, 6 Presentation, 5 Session, 4 Transport, 3 Network, 2 Data Link, and 1 Physical. Level 2 – Application 2. Use the OSI model to explain how an email message from you gets read by the recipientRead MoreUnderstanding Of Local Area Network Technologies Essay4047 Words   |  17 Pagesbetween clients by pairing them together. Ethernet is the most commonly used LAN technology. It is used to transmit data locally from the network router and to devices manually connecting them to the network by wire using copper cabling. †¢ compare and contrast the characteristics and the purposes of peer to peer LANs and client/server LANs Peer-to-Peer LAN A peer-to-peer (P2P) network consists of nodes with equal privileges able to send data to each other without the need for a server to connect